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A review of acrylamide toxicity and its mechanism 2 2 Acrylamide (AA) is an important industrial chemical agent that is mainly used in the production of polymers and copolymers. Recently it has been attention because of its production in the diet at high-temperature (>120 ºC) processes such as cooking, frying, toasting, roasting or baking of high carbohydrate foods. According to high exposure to acrylamide, recognition of its toxic effect is necessary. Neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity of AA were observed in several studies. There isn’t a clear mechanism that justifies this toxicity. In this study we reviewed the mechanisms of AA toxicity especially oxidative stress and apoptosis. AA can cause neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity on animal models. It showed neurotoxicity in human. We suggested the oxidative stress is the main factor for inducing of acrylamide toxicities. We advised that modifying of food processing methods can be as a good way for decreasing of AA production in foods. 1 7 2017/02/12 1395/11/24 2017/04/22 1396/2/2 احسان زمانی Ehsan Zamani Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran Iran zamani2246@gmail.com محمد شکرزاده Mohammad Shokrzadeh Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran Iran mslamuk@yahoo.com مرجان فلاح Marjan Fallah Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran marjan.fallah86@gmail.com فاطمه شکی Fatemeh Shaki Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran Iran fshaki.tox@gmail.com Acrylamide toxicity mechanism kinetic human animal Dearfield KL, Abernathy CO, Ottley MS, Brantner JH, Hayes PF. 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Environ Toxicol 2014;29:991-9.##Mojtahedzadeh M, Ahmadi A, Mahmoodpoor A, Beigmohammadi MT, Abdollahi M, Khazaeipour Z, et al. Hypertonic saline solution reduces the oxidative stress responses in traumatic brain injury patients. J Res Med Sci 2014;19:867.##Shaki F, Pourahmad J. Mitochondrial toxicity of depleted uranium: Protection by beta-glucan. IJPR 2013;12:131.##Yousef M, El-Demerdash F. Acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and biochemical perturbations in rats. Toxicol 2006;219:133-41.##Shaki F, Hosseini MJ, Ghazi-Khansari M, Pourahmad J. Toxicity of depleted uranium on isolated rat kidney mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012;1820:1940-50.##Chen W, Shen Y, Su H, Zheng X. Hispidin derived from Phellinus linteus affords protection against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014;219:83-9.##Naruszewicz M, Zapolska-Downar D, Kośmider A, Nowicka G, Kozłowska-Wojciechowska M, Vikström AS, et al. Chronic intake of potato chips in humans increases the production of reactive oxygen radicals by leukocytes and increases plasma C-reactive protein: a pilot study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:773-7.##Renehan AG, Booth C, Potten CS. What is apoptosis, and why is it important? Br Med J 2001;322:1536.##Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:495-516.##Nakagawa-Yagi Y, Choi D-K, Ogane N, Shimada S-i, Seya M, Momoi T, et al. Discovery of a novel compound: insight into mechanisms for acrylamide-induced axonopathy and colchicine-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death. Brain Res 2001;909:8-19.##Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84.##Circu ML, Rodriguez C, Maloney R, Moyer MP, Aw TY. Contribution of mitochondrial GSH transport to matrix GSH status and colonic epithelial cell apoptosis. 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The effects of lavender essential oil aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in haemodialysis patients 2 2 This study was intended to examine the effects of lavender essential oil aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in haemodialysis patients. This randomised clinical trial was conducted on 72 haemodialysis patients divided into control and experimental groups. The control group only received the routine care. The experimental group received aromatherapy with 3 drops of lavender essential oil 5% for 10 minutes every time they underwent haemodialysis for a period of one month. Anxiety and depression were measured in both groups at baseline and by the end of the second and fourth weeks during the first hour of a dialysis session. The rANOVA showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the severity of anxiety before the intervention and by the end of the second and fourth weeks (p  =  0.783). However, the  rANOVA revealed a significant difference with respect to the severity of depression between the two groups (p  =  0.005). Current research suggests that we need various concentrations of lavender essential oil to relieve anxiety compared to depression. In sum, future studies are required to investigate different concentrations of lavender essential oil at different times during haemodialysis sessions to obtain specific doses for lavender essential oil to be used on haemodialysis patients suffering from anxiety and depression. 8 13 2017/02/122016/12/30 1395/10/10 2017/04/222017/04/4 1396/1/15 Masoumeh Bagheri-Nesami Masoumeh Bagheri-Nesami Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran anna30432003@yahoo.com Seyed Afshin Shorofi Seyed Afshin Shorofi Adjunct Research Fellow, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Iran afshin.shorofi@gmail.com عطیه نیک خواه Attieh Nikkhah Antimicrobial Resistant Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran Atinik1357@gmail.com Fatemeh Espahbodi Fatemeh Espahbodi Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran ftespahbodi@yahoo.com Aromatherapy lavender anxiety depression haemodialysis 1. Kohli S, Batra P, Aggarwal HK. Anxiety, locus of control, and coping strategies among end-stage renal disease patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Indian J Nephrol. 2011; 21(3):177-181.##2. Drayer RA, Piraino B, Reynolds Iii CF, Houck PR ,Mazumdar S, Bernardini J, et al. Characteristics of depression in hemodialysis patients: symptoms, quality of life and mortality risk. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006; 28(4):306-12.##3. Nazemian F, Ghaffari F, Pourghaznein T. Depression and anxiety in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Science. 2008; 51(3): 171-176.[Persian]##4. Masoudi Alavi N, Sharifi Kh, Ali Akbar Zada Z. Depression and anxiety in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy in Kashan during 2004-2005. Feyz Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2006; 12(4): 46- 51.[Persian]##5. Sareen J, Cox BJ, Afifi TO, de Graaf R, Asmundson GJG, ten Have M, et al. Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: a population- based longitudinal study of adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62(11):1249- 58.##6. Sareen J, Jacobi F, Cox BJ, Belik S-L, Clara I, Stein MB. Disability and poor quality of life associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and physical conditions. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(19): 2109-2116.##7. Diefenthaeler E, Wagner M, Poli-de-Figueiredo C, Zimmermann P, Saitovitch D. Is depression a risk factor for mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients? Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2008; 30(2):99-103.##8. Rai M, Rustagi T, Rustagi S, Kohli R. Depression, insomnia and sleep apnea in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Indian J Nephrol. 2011; 21(4):223-229.##9. Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson DT, Simon T, Maclean JR,. Risk factors for post-kidney transplant depression identify which patients need closer mental health assessment. American Society of Nephrology 37th Annual Meeting & Scientific Exposition; 2004.##10. Cabness J, Freeman A, Root L. Two NKF-sponsored research projects study depression in dialysis patients. Family Focus. 2005;14:8-11.##11. Cohen SD, Perkins V, Kimmel PL. Psychosocial issues in ESRD patients. Handbook of dialysis. Boston: Little Brown; 2007.P 455- 61.##12. Hedayati SS, Yalamanchili V, Finkelstein FO. A practical approach to the treatment of depression in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 2011; 81(3):247-55.##13. Ouzouni S, Kouidi E, Sioulis A, Grekas D, Deligiannis A. Effects of intradialytic exercise training on health-related quality of life indices in haemodialysis patients. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(1):53-63. ##14. Levendoglu F, Altintepe L, Okudan N, Ugurlu H, Gokbel H, Tonbul Z, Guney I, Turk S. A twelve week exercise program improves the psychological status, quality of life and work capacity in hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol. 2004; 17:826–32.##15. Duarte PS, Miyazaki MC, Blay SL, Sesso R. Cognitive behavioral group therapy is an effective treatment for major depression in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2009;76(4):414-21.##16. Amin GH, Vazirian M, Tahvilzadeh M, Niroomand Cheraghi M. Plant treatment with the most common medicinal plants of Iran. 1th ed. Tehran: Baraye Fardaa; 2011.[Persian]##17. Lewith GT, Godfrey AD, Prescott P. A single-blinded, randomized pilot study evaluating the aroma of Lavandula augustifolia as a treatment for mild insomnia. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(4):631-7.##18. Mirzaei F, Keshtgar S, Kaviani M, Rajaeifard A. The effect of lavender essence smelling during labor on cortisol and serotonin plasma levels and anxiety reduction in nulliparous women. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2009 ##;16(3) :245-54.[Persian]##19. Kohara H, Miyauchi T, Suehiro Y, Ueoka H, Takeyama H, Morita T. Combined modality treatment of aromatherapy, footsoak, and reflexology relieves fatigue in patients with cancer. J Palliat Med. 2004; 7(6): 791-6. ##20. Lee EJ, Kim BS, Sa IH, Moon KE, Kim JH. The effects of aromatherapy on sleep disorders, satisfaction of sleep and fatigue in hemodialysis patients. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2011; 23(6):615-23.##21. Lee SH. Effects of aroma inhalation on fatigue and sleep quality of postpartum mothers. Korean J Women Health Nurse. 2004; 10(3): 235-43.##22. Kamali F. Aromatherapy scientific approach. 1th ed. Tehran: Teymoorzadeh;##2003.##23. Kanany M, Mazloom SR, Emami A, Mokhber N. Effect of essential oil of lavender aromatherapy on anxiety in patients undergoing dialysis. Scientific - Research Journal of Mashhad Nursing and Midwifery School. 2010; 10(1,2): 63- 71[Persian].##24. Bahreini S, Mannani R, Bekhradi R, Naji SA. The effect of aromatherapy massage on fatigue in women with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 18(3): 172- 178.[Persian]##25. Michopoulos I, Douzenis A, Kalkavoura C, Christodoulou C, Michalopoulou P, Kalemi G, et al. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): validation in a Greek general hospital sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2008; 7(1):4.##26. Mousavi SS, Sabzevari S, Abbaszade A, Hosseinnakhaie F. The effect of preparatory face to face education to reduce depression and anxiety in open heart surgery adult patient in Shafa hospital in Kerman, 2008. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2011; 6(21): 29-38.##27. Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Ebrahimi M, Garvandi S. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual life outcomes. 2003; 1:14-21.##28. Bagheri-Nesami M, Espahbodi F, Nikkhah A, Shorofi SA, Charati JY. The effects of lavender aromatherapy on pain following needle insertion into a fistula in hemodialysis patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014; 20(1): 1-4.##29. Muzzarelli L, Force M, Sebold M .Aromatherapy and reducing preprocedural anxiety: A controlled prospective study. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2006;29(6):466-71.##30. Shiina Y, Funabashi N, Lee K, Toyoda T, Sekine T, Honjo S, et al. Relaxation effects of lavender aromatherapy improve coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy men evaluated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Int J Cardiol. 2008; 129(2): 193-7.##31. Choi EH. Comparison of effects lavender abdominal massage and inhalation on dysmenorrhea, pain, anxiety and depression. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing. 2009; 16(3): 300-6.##32. Louis M, Kowalski SD. Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well-being. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2002; 19(6): 381-6.##33.Kim MJ, Nam ES, Paik SI. The effects of aromatherapy on pain, depression, and life satisfaction of arthritis patients. 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Development and evaluation of macrophage targeted multidrug therapy against visceral leishmaniasis 2 2 In this study, we fabricated PCL-nanoparticles by encapsulating dual drugs as amphotericin B and doxorubicin via double-emulsion solvent evaporation method also incorporated with ligand-lectin for targeting the infested macrophage cells and prove importance against VL. Different independent processing parameters were assessed systematically to enhance the incorporation of the dual agents with different properties (AmB and DOX, hydrophobic & hydrophilic molecule, respectively) into PCL-NPs and control particle size. Approaches investigated for the enhancement of drug entrapment efficiencies and smaller particle size included the influence of the drug content, polymer content, sonication time etc. The mean particle size and zeta potential of PCL-NPs were 236.7 ± 0.04 nm in diameter and -9.11 ± 3.46 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiencies of AmB and DOX were 82.1 ± 1.39 and 75.20 ± 0.14 %, respectively. Antileishmanial activities of the formulations and various combination approaches were assessed using macrophage-specific ligand-lectin. The prepared plain and lectin coated PCL-NPs based systems showed remarkable potential for passive and active intra macrophage targeting, respectively and the approach could be a successful alternative to the currently available drug regimens against VL. Multidrug resistance can be improved by combination delivery of encapsulated anti VL drugs. Thus, the co-encapsulation of AmB and DOX should reduce side effects of both drugs while increasing efficacy. 14 21 2017/02/122016/12/302017/02/13 1395/11/25 2017/04/222017/04/42017/04/20 1396/1/31 Prachi sharma Prachi sharma School of Pharmaceutical Science, Apeejay Stya University, Gurgaon, India India prachisharmaamity@gmail.com Swati Gupta Swati Gupta Department of Pharmaceutics, B. S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, India India swatig25@gmail.com PCL-Nanoparticles amphotericin B doxorubicin lectin macrophages macrophage targeting Nan A, Croft SL, Yardley V, Ghandehari H. Targetable water-soluble polymer-drug conjugates for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. J Control Release 2004;94:115-27.##2. Kumar N, Sharma P, Jaiswal A, Dube A, Gupta S. Development and evaluation of p-aminophenylmannopyranoside anchored emulsomes for treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Clin Cytol Pathol 2016;2:1042.##3. Khare P, Rastogi P, Gupta S, Maurya R, Dube A. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a new herbaceous indian plant-Abutilon indicum against Leishmania donovani infection. Amer J Phytomed Clin Ther 2014; 2:134-9.##4. Kumari S, Kumar A, Samant M, Singh N, Dube A. Discovery of novel vaccine candidates and drug targets against visceral leishmaniasis using proteomics and transcriptomics. Curr Drug Targets 2008;9:938-47.##5. Gupta S, Dube A, Vyas SP. Development and characterization of amphotericin B loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Pharm Nanotech 2013;1:54-67.##6. Pal A, Gupta S, Jaiswal A, Dube A, Vyas SP. Development and evaluation of tripalmitin emulsomes for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Liposome Res 2012;22:62-71.##7. Mukherjee S, Das L, Kole L, Karmakar S, Datta N, Das PK. Targeting of parasite-specific immunoliposome-encapsulated doxorubicin in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2004;189:1024-34.##8. Kalaria DR, Sharma G, Beniwal V, Ravi Kumar MN. Design of Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Doxorubicin: In vivo Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Studies in Rats. Pharm Res 2009;26:492-501. ##9. Lammers T, Subr V, Ulbrich K, Peschke P, Huber PE, Hennink WE, et al. Simultaneous delivery of doxorubicin and gemcitabine to tumors in vivo using prototypic polymeric drug carriers. Biomaterials 2009;30:3466-75.##10. Vyas SP, Quraishi S, Gupta S, Jaganathan KS. Aerosolized liposome-based delivery of amphotericin B to alveolar macrophages. Int J Pharm 2005;296:12-25.##11. Kunjachan S, Gupta S, Dwivedi AK, Dube A, Chourasia, M. Chitosan-based macrophage-mediated drug targeting for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J microencapsul 2011;28:301-10. ##12. Dubey N, Varshney R, Shukla J, Ganeshpurkar A, Hazari PP, Bandopadhaya GP, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of biodegradable PCL/PEG nanoparticles for neuroendocrine tumor targeted delivery of somatostatin analog. Drug Deliv 2012;19:132-42.##13. Sharma S, Kumar P, Jaiswal A, Dube A, Gupta S. Development and characterization of doxorubicin loaded microparticles against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Biomed Nanotech 2011;7:135-6. ##14. Italia JL, Bhatt DK, Bhardwaj V, Tikoo K, Kumar MN. PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of cyclosporine: nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetic studies in comparison to Sandimmune Neoral. J Control Release 2007;119:197-206.##15. Roy P, Das S, Bera T, Mondol S, Mukherjee A. Andrographolide nanoparticles in leishmaniasis: characterization and in vitro evaluations. Int J Nanomedicine 2010;5:1113-21.##16. Gupta S, Dube A, Vyas SP. Antileishmanial efficacy of amphotericin B bearing emulsomes against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Drug Target 2007;15:437-44. ##17. Gupta S, Vyas SP. Development and characterization of amphotericin B bearing emulsomes for passive and active macrophage targeting. J Drug Target 2007;15:206-17. ##18. Costa Lima SA, Resende M, Silvestre R, Tavares J, Ouaissi A, Lin PK, et al. Characterization and evaluation of BNIPDaoct-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for visceral leishmaniasis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nanomedicine 2012;7:1839-49.##19. Yin Y, Chen D, Qiao M, Lu Z, Hu H. Preparation and evaluation of lectin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of thymopentin. J Control Release 2006;116: 337-45.## ##

Exploring the potential of complex-vesicle based niosomal ocular system loaded with azithromycin: Development of in situ gel and ex vivo characterization 2 2 Abstract Bacterial conjunctivitis characterized as pink eye referred as an inflammation of an eye caused by the enlargement of blood vessels present in conjunctiva, resulting in a red or bloodshot appearance of the eyes. Topical ocular delivery is found to be useful in treating conjunctivitis, but to maintain an effective drug concentration at a site of action in order to achieve desired pharmacological action is highly challenging. Thus, keeping in mind this limitation niosomal carrier was designed to provide localized drug delivery with enhanced residence time. Thus, the present investigation was targeted to explore the utility of niosomes loaded with azithromycin-β-CD complex. Azithromycin-β-CD complex was prepared and niosomes containing this complex were developed based on 32 full factorial design using ether injection method and characterized. Optimized niosomal formulation (NF2) was selected on the basis of minimum vesicle size (306 ± 3.05 nm), polydispersity index (0.115 ± 5.51), maximum zeta potential (45.3 ± 0.25 mv), entrapment efficiency (78.17 ± 1.81 %) and % CDR (73.09 ± 2.10). Optimized formulation was then formulated in the form of in situ gel (temperature sensitive) and evaluated. Optimized formulation [in situ gel (NG-5)] was found to exhibit superior in vitro drug release profile in comparison to Zithromax® eye drop. Better in-vitro mucoadhesive strength was observed and formulation was found to be non-irritant to the sclera surface. Thus, it can be put into conclusion that temperature-sensitive niosomal in situ ocular gel possessed increased residence time and provide localized drug delivery effective for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Optimized niosomal formulation (NF2) was selected on the basis of minimum vesicle size (306 ± 3.05 nm), polydispersity index (0.115 ± 5.51), maximum zeta potential (45.3 ± 0.25), entrapment efficiency (78.17 ± 1.81 %) and % CDR (73.09 ± 2.10). Optimized formulation was then formulated in the form of in situ gel (temperature sensitive) and evaluated. Optimized formulation [in situ gel (NG-5)] was found to exhibit superior in vitro drug release profile in comparison to Zithromax® eye drop. Better in-vitro mucoadhesive strength was observed and formulation was found to be non-irritant to the sclera surface. Thus, it can be put into conclusion that temperature-sensitive niosomal in situ ocular gel possessed increased residence time and provide localized drug delivery effective for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.  22 33 2017/02/122016/12/302017/02/132017/02/13 1395/11/25 2017/04/222017/04/42017/04/202017/04/4 1396/1/15 Nida Akhtar Nida Akhtar Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura- 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India. India nidakhtr378@gmail.com Rahul Kumar Singh Rahul Kumar Singh Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura- 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India. India rahuljadon99@gmail.com Kamala Pathak Kamala Pathak Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy College Saifai, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah-206130, Uttar Pradesh, India. India kamlapathak5@gmail.com β-CD conjunctivitis eye penetration residence time vesicular carrier 1. Lin HH, Ko SM, Hsu LR, Tsai YH. The preparation of norfloxacin loaded liposomes and their in vitro evaluation in pig’s eye. J Pharm Pharmacol 1996;48:801-5.##2. Tarabishy AB, Jeng BH. Bacterial conjunctivitis: a review for internists. Cleveland Clinic J Med 2008;75:507-12.##3. Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Yanez F, Barreiro-Iglesisa R, Concheiro A. Imprinted soft contact lenses as norfloxacin delivery systems. J Controlled Release 2006;113:236-44.##4. Grateri T, Gelfuso GM, Freitas O, Rocha EM, Lopez RF. Enhancing and sustaining the topical ocular delivery of fluconazole using chitosan solution and poloxamer/chitosan in situ forming gel. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011;79:320-27.##5. Utani CA. Update and critical appraisal of the use of topical azithromycin ophthalmic 1 % solution in the treatment of ocular infections. Clin Ophthalmol 2011;5:801-09.##6. Gilhotra RM, Nagpal K, Mishra DN. Azithromycin novel drug delivery system for ocular application. Int J Pharm Investig 2011;1:22-8. ##7. Kumarasen C. Development of novel ocusert contain norfloxacin and in vitro evaluation. J Pharm Res 2011;4:393-5.##8. Challa R, Ahuja A, Ali J, Khar RK. Cyclodextrins in drug delivery: an updated review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005;6:329-57.##9. Kute SD, Sakore SC, Chakraborty BS. Formulation approaches in ocular drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Tech 2010;2:118-45.##10. Akhtar N. Vesicular ocular drug delivery system, preclinical and clinical perspective of drugs delivered via niosomes. Int J Biopharm 2013;4:38-48.##11. Abdelbary G, El-gendy N. Niosome-encapsulated gentamicin for ophthalmic controlled drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008;9:740-7.##12. Liu Z, Li J, Nie S, Liu H, Ding P, Pan W. Study of an alginate/HPMC based in situ gelling ophthalmic delivery system for gatifloxacin. Int J Pharm 2006;315:12-17.##13. Higuchi T, Connors KA. Phase-solubility techniques. Adv Anal Chem Instrum 1965;4:117-210.##14. Qi H, Chen W, Huang C, Li L, Chen C, Li W, et al. Development of a poloxamer analogs/carbopol-based in situ gelling and mucoadhesive ophthalmic delivery system for puerarin. Int J Pharm 2007;337:178-87.##15. Jaiswal M, Kumar M, Pathak K. Zero order delivery of itraconazole via polymeric micelles incorporated in situ ocular gel for the management of fungal keratitis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015;130:23-30.##16. Loftsson T, Jarto P, Masson M, Jarvinen T. Cyclodextrin in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005;2:335-51.##17. Akhtar N, Arkvanshi S, Bhattacharya SS, Verma A, Pathak K. Preparation and evaluation of a buflomedil hydrochloride Niosomal patch for transdermal delivery. J Liposome Res 2015;25:191-201.##18. Gan Q, Wang T. Chitosan nanoparticles as protein delivery carrier systematic examination of fabrication conditions for efficient loading and release. Coll Surf B Biointerf 2007;59:24-34.##19. Agnihotri SM, Vavia PR. Diclofenac- loaded biopolymeric nanosuspentions for ophthalmic applications. Nanomedicine 2009;5:90-5. ##20. Chhabra G, Chuttani K, Mishra AK, Pathak K. Design and evaluation of nanoemultion drug delivery system of amlodipine besilate for improvement of oral bioavailability. Drug Develop Ind Pharm 2011;37:907-16.##21. Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Ferrara P, Maltese A, Puleo A, Puglisi ##G. Eudragit RS100 nanosuspention for the ophthalmic controlled delivery of ibuprofen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002;16:53-61.##22. Shirsand SB, Para MS, Kumar ND, Kanani KM, Keerthy D. Formulation and evaluation of ketoconazole niosomal gel drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Investing 2012;2:201-7.##23. Tamizharasi S, Dubey A, Rathi V, Rathi JC. Development and characterization of niosomal drug delivery of gliclazide. J Young Pharm 2009;1:205-9.##24. Uchegbu IF, Florence AT. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): Physical and pharmaceutical chemistry. Adv Coll Interf Sci 1995;58:1-55.##25. Maurya SD, Prajapti SK, Gupta AK, Saxena GK, Dhakar RC. Formulation development and evaluation of ethosome of stavudine. Ind J Pharm Edu 2010;44:102-8.##26. Srividya B, Cardoza RM,Amin PD. Sustained ophthalmic delivery of ofloxacin from a pH triggered in situ gelling system. J Controlled Rel 2001;73:205-11.##27. Singh J, Chhabra G, Pathak K. Development of acetazolamide-loaded, pH-triggered polymeric nanoparticulate in situ gel for sustained ocular delivery: in vitro. ex vivo evaluation and pharmacodynamic study. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014;40:1223-32.##28. Riccia EJ, Lunardi LO, Nanclares DMA, Marchetti JM. Sustained release of lidocane from polaxame 407 gels. Int J Pharm 2005;288:235-44.##29. Majithiya RJ, Ghosh PK, Umerethia ML, Murthy RSR. Thermoreversible-mucoadhesive gel for nasal delivery of sumatriptan. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006;7:80-6.##30. Choy Y, Park J, McCarev B, Edelhauser HF, Prausnitz M. Mucoadhesive microdiscs engineered for ophthalmic drug delivery: Effect of particle geometry and formulation on precorneal residence time. Investig Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2008;49:4808-49.##31. Moghddam SRM, Ahad A, Aqil M, Imam SS, Sultana Y. Formulation and optimization of niosomes for topical diacerein delivery using 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design for the management of psoriasis. Mat Sci Eng C 2016;69:789-97.## ##

Extra Virgin olive oil mitigates hematotoxicity induced by acrylamide and oxidative damage in adult rats 2 2 Acrylamide (ACR) is a dietary contaminant derived from a wide range of foods through the Maillard-reaction during the cooking process. The present study focused on the hematotoxic effects of ACR and the protective efficacy of Extra Virgin olive oil (EVOO) in alleviating hematotoxicity and oxidative stress in erythrocytes of adult rats. Rats were divided into four groups of six each: group 1, serving as negative controls, received distilled water; group 2 received by  gavage ACR at a dose of 40 mg/ kg body weight; group 3 received by gavage ACR supplemented with EVOO (300 μL); group 4,serving as positive controls, received only EVOO by gavage. All groups were sacrificed after three weeks. Acrylamide induced a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC), erythrocyte osmotic fragility (OF) and a decrease in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht). While mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC) remained unchanged. Furthermore, exposure of rats to ACR induced erythrocytes oxidative stress with an increase of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and protein carbonyls levels. A reduction in antioxidant status, enzymatic (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and non enzymatic (reduced glutathione, non protein thiols and vitamin C) was observed when compared to controls. EVOO supplementation alleviated significantly hematotoxicity induced by acrylamide as evidenced by restoring the biochemical markers cited above to near normal values. Our results revealed that extra virgin olive oil, a main component of olive Mediterranean diet, was effective in preventing erythrocytes damage and oxidative stress. 34 40 2017/02/122016/12/302017/02/132017/02/132017/03/3 1395/12/13 2017/04/222017/04/42017/04/202017/04/42017/04/18 1396/1/29 Imen Ghorbel Imen Ghorbel Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia Tunisia ghorbel21@gmail.com Mariem Chaabane Mariem Chaabane Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia Tunisia chmariem@live.fr Awatef Elwej Awatef Elwej Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia Tunisia Awatefelwej@yahoo.fr Choumous Kallel Choumous Kallel Hematolology Laboratory, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia Tunisia najiba.zeghal@tunet.tn Naziha Grati Kamoun Naziha Grati Kamoun Technology and Quality Research Unit, Olive Tree Institute, BP 1087,University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax,Tunisia Tunisia kamoun_naziha@yahoo.fr Zeghal Najiba Zeghal Najiba Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia Tunisia naj_zgh@yahoo.fr Acrylamide rats erythrocytes antioxidant status extra virgin olive oil 1. Parzefall W. Minireview on the toxicity of dietary acrylamide. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:1360-4.##2. Tareke E, Rydberg P, Karlsson P, Eriksson S, Tornqvist M. Analysis of acrylamide, a carcinogen formed in heated foodstuffs. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:4998-5006. ##3. Lee JG, Wang YS, Chou CC. Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2014;28:562-70. ##4. Ghanayem BI, McDaniel LP, Churchwell MI, Twaddle NC, Snyder R, Fennell TR, et al. Role of CYP2E1 in the epoxidation of acrylamide to glycidamide and formation of DNA and hemoglobin adducts. Toxicol Sci 2005;88:311-8.##5. Shipp A, Lawrence G, Gentry R, McDonald T, Bartow H, Bounds J, et al. Acrylamide: review of toxicity data and dose- response analyses for cancer and non cancer effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006; 36:481-608. ##6. Arihan O, Seringec NB, Gurel EI, Dikmenoglu NH. Effects of oral acrylamide intake on blood viscosity parameters in rats. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2011;47:45-52##7. Rawi SM, Marie SM, Sohair R. Fahmy SR, El-Abied SA. Hazardous effects of acrylamide on immature male and female rats. Afr J Pharm and Pharmacol 2012;6:1367-86.##8. Ali MA, Aly EM, Elawady AI. Effectiveness of selenium on acrylamide toxicity to retina. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:614-20.##9. Abdel-Daim MM, Abd Eldaim MA, Hassan AG. Trigonella foenum-graecum ameliorates acrylamide-induced toxicity in rats: Roles of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and DNA damage. Biochem Cell Biol 2015;93:192-8. ##10. Zhao M, Wang P, Zhu Y, Liu X, Hu X, Chen F. The chemoprotection of a blueberry anthocyanin extract against the acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria: unequivocal evidence in mice liver. Food Funct 2015;6:3006-12.##11. Aydın B. Effects of argan oil on the mitochondrial function, antioxidant system and the activity of NADPH- generating enzymes in acrylamide treated rat brain. Biomed Pharmacother 2017;87:476-81. ##12. Dhan P, Brahma NS, Garima U. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of phenols from onion (Allium cepa). Food Chem 2007;102:1389-93. ##13. Sirtori CR, Gatti E, Tremoli E, Galli C, Gianfranceschi G, Franceschini G, et al. Olive oil, corn oil, and n-3 fatty acids differently affect lipids, lipoproteins, platelets, and Superoxide formation in type II hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:113-22.##14. Covas MI. Olive oil and cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Res 2007; 55:175-86.##15. Ghorbel I, Chaâbane M, Boudawara O, Kamoun NG, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Dietary unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil supplementation attenuates lung injury and DNA damage of rats co-exposed to aluminum and acrylamide. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:19397-408.##16. Ghorbel I, Elwej A, Fendri N, Mnif H, Jamoussi K, Boudawara T, et al. Olive oil abrogates acrylamide induced nephrotoxicity by modulating biochemical and histological changes in rats. Ren Fail 2017;39:236-45.##17. International Olive Oil Council (IOOC). Trade Standard Applying to Olive Oils and Olive-pomace Oils; 2008.##18. Pan X, Zhu L, Lu H, Wang D, Lu Q, Yan H. Melatonin attenuates oxidative damage induced by acrylamide in vitro and In vivo. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015;2015:1-12.##19. Maryland RC. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Institute of laboratory animal resources commission on life Sciences. National Research Council, National Academies Press, Washington DC, 1996.##20. Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC. A 43 kD protein from the herb, Cajanus indicus L, protects against fluoride induced oxidative stress in mice erythrocytes.Pathophysiology 2007;14:47-54.##21. Mineo H, Hara H. Structure-dependent and receptor-independent increase in osmotic fragility of rat erythrocytes by short-chain fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1713:113-7.##22. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall R J. Protein measuremernt with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265-75.##23. Draper HH, Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:421-31.##24. Ou P, Wolff SP. A discontinuous method for catalase determination at ## near physiological concentrations of H2O2 and its application to the study of H2O2 fluxes within cells. J Biochem Biophys Methods 1996;31:59-67.##25. Reznick Z, Packer L. Oxidative damage to proteins: spectrophotometric method for carbonyl. Method Enzymol 1994; 233:357-63.##26. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82: 70-7.##27. Jollow DJ, Mitchell JR, Zampaglione N, Gillette JR. Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3, 4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacol 1974;11:151-69. ##28. Jacques-Silva MC, Nogueira CW, Broch LC. Diphenyl diselenide and ascorbic acid changes deposition of selenium and ascorbic acid in liver and brain of mice. Pharm Toxicol 2001;88:119-25. ##29. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984;105:121-6.##30. Beauchamp C, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 1971;44:276-87.##31. Flohe L, Gunzler WA. Assays of glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 1984;108:114-21.##32. Yadav P, Sarkar S and Bhatnagar D. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and tissues in aged diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1997;35: 389-92.##33. Barber DS, Hunt JR, Ehrich MF, Lehning EJ, LoPachin RM. Metabolism, toxicokinetics and hemoglobin adduct formation in rats following subacute and subchronic acrylamide dosing. Neuro Toxicol 2001;22:341-53.##34. Tarskikh MM. Damage to erythrocyte membranes as the mechanism for acrylate toxicity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006;142:690-2.##35. Elwej A, Ben Salah G, Kallel C, Fakhfakh F, Zeghal N, Ben Amara I. Protective effects of pomegranate peel against hematotoxicity, chromosomal aberrations, and genotoxicity induced by barium chloride in adult rats.Pharm Biol 2016;54:964-74. ##36. Nakbi A, Tayeb W, Dabbou S, Issaoui M, Grissa AK, Attia N, Hammami M.Dietary olive oil effect on antioxidant status and fatty acidprofile in the erythrocyte of 2,4-D- exposed rats. Lipids Health Dis 2010;9:89.##37. Teres S, Barcelo-Coblijn G, Benet M, Alvarez RA, Bressani R, Halver JE .Oleic acid content is responsible for the reduction in blood pressure induced by olive oil. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008;105:13811-6.##38. Pandey KB, Rizvi SI. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in red blood cells. Biomed Pap 2011; 155:131-6.##39. Yamanaka K, Hasegawa A, Sawamura R, Okada S. Cellular response to oxidative damage in lung induced by the administration of dimethy larsinic acid, a major metabolite of inorganic arsenics, in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991;108:205-13.##40. Irshad M, Chaudhuri PS. Oxidant–antioxidant system: role and significance in human body. Ind J Exp Biol 2002;40:1233-9.##41. Rivers JM. Safety of high-level vitamin C ingestion. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989;30:95-102. ##42. Ghorbel I, Maktouf S, Kallel C, Ellouze Chaabouni S, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Disruption of erythrocyte antioxidant defense system, hematological parameters, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and DNA damage in liver of co-exposed rats to aluminium and acrylamide. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 236:31-40.##43. O'Dowd Y, Driss F, Dang PM, Elbim C, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Pasquier C, et al. Antioxidant effect of hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive oil: scavenging of hydrogen peroxide but not superoxide anion produced by human neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68:2003-8.##44. Sarria B, Mateos R, Gallardo E, Ramos S, Martín MA, Bravo L, et al. Nitro derivatives of olive oil phenols protect HepG2 cells against oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50:3752-8.## ##

PLGA-based macrophage-mediated drug targeting for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis 2 2 The potential of PLGA-nanoparticles as a carrier of amphotericin B and doxorubicin against visceral leishmaniasis was evaluated by macrophage-mediated drug targeting approach. PLGA-nanoparticles were modified by coating them with macrophage-specific ligand-lectin. Prior to in-vitro studies, characterization studies were carried out systematically include particle size, surface morphology, percent drug entrapment and percent drug release. In vitro studies were carried out in J774.1 in order to evaluate the effective endocytotic uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages. The antileishmanial activity of PLGA-nanoparticles and lectin-PLGA-nanoparticles was tested in-vitro in leishmania donovani infected macrophage-amastigote system (J774A.1 cells), which showed higher efficacy of lectin grafted PLGA-nanoparticles over plain PLGA-nanoparticles. The prepared plain and lectin grafted PLGA-Nanoparticles based systems showed excellent potential for passive and active intra-macrophage targeting, respectively and the approach could be an effective alternative to the currently available drug regimens against VL. 41 47 2017/02/122016/12/302017/02/132017/02/132017/03/32017/04/22 1396/2/2 2017/04/222017/04/42017/04/202017/04/42017/04/182017/05/24 1396/3/3 Prachi sharma Prachi sharma Apeejay Stya University, Gurgaon, India India prachisharmaamity@gmail.com Swati Gupta Swati Gupta Department of Pharmaceutics, B. S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy India swatig25@gmail.com Visceral leishmaniasis macrophage targeting nanoparticles amphotericin B doxorubicin lectin 1. Kumar N, Sharma P, Jaiswal A, Dube A, Gupta S. Development and evaluation of p-aminophenylmannopyranoside anchored emulsomes for treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Clin Cytol Pathol 2016; 2:1042.##2. Gupta S, Dube A, Vyas SP. Antileishmanial efficacy of amphotericin B bearing emulsomes against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Drug Target 2007;15:437-44. ##3. Khare P, Rastogi P, Gupta S, Maurya R, Dube A. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a new herbaceous indian plant-Abutilon indicum against Leishmania donovani infection. Amer J Phytomed Clin Ther 2014; 2:134-9.##4. Kumar P, Kumar A, Verma SS, Dwivedi N, Singh N, Siddiqi MI, et al. Leishmania donovani pteridine reductase 1: biochemical properties and structure-modeling studies. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:73-9.##5. Vyas SP, Quraishi S, Gupta S, Jaganathan KS. Aerosolized liposome-based delivery of amphotericin B to alveolar macrophages. Int J Pharm 2005;296:12-25.##6. Gupta S, Dube A, Vyas SP. Development and characterization of amphotericin B loaded solid lipid nanoparticles against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Pharm Nanotechnol 2013;1:54-67.##7. Kunjachan S, Gupta S, Dwivedi A, Dube A, Chourasia M. Chitosan-based macrophage-mediated drug targeting for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J microencapsul 2011;28:301-10. ##8. Mukherjee S, Das L, Kole L, Karmakar S, Datta N, Das PK. Targeting of parasite-specific immunoliposome-encapsulated doxorubicin in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2004;189:1024-34.##9. Italia JL, Bhatt DK, Bhardwaj V, Tikoo K, Kumar MN. PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of cyclosporine: nephrotoxicity and pharmacokinetic studies in comparison to Sand immune Neoral®. J Control Release 2007;119:197-206.##10. Pal A, Gupta S, Jaiswal A, Dube A, Vyas SP. Development and evaluation of tripalmitin emulsomes for the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Liposome Res 2012; 22:62-71.##11. Yin Y, Chen D, Qiao M, Lu Z, Hu H. Preparation and evaluation of lectin-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for oral delivery of thymopentin. J Control Release 2006;116:337-45.##12. Sharma S, Kumar P, Jaiswal A, Dube A, Gupta S. Development and characterization of doxorubicin loaded microparticles against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2011;7:135-6. ##13. Al-Ghamdi SS. Time and dose dependent study of doxorubicin induced DU-145 cytotoxicity. Drug Metab Lett 2008; 2:47-50.##14. Sanchez-Brunete JA, Dea MA, Rama S, Bolas F, Alunda JM, Raposo R, et al. Treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B in stable albumin microspheres. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3246-52.## ##

Larvicidal potential of Cyathea species against Culex quinquefasciatus 2 2 Resistance to insecticides has persuaded researchers to find new methods to control Culex quinquefasciatus proliferation. Plants may be a source of alternative agents for mosquito control due to ever-growing insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and environmental imbalance caused by synthetic insecticides. The present study was intended to study the larvicidal activity of selected Cyathea species against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Larvicidal potential of different extracts were evaluated and larval mortality were recorded. The larvae were more sensitive to ethanolic extracts of studied three Cyathea species when compared to other extracts. Acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts were considered to be less effective. The LC50 values of different extracts ranged from 320.72 to 657.03 µg/ml. The results exhibited that the tested three Cyathea species showed concentration dependent potential larvicidal effects and also provide an indication of possible bioactive properties. 48 51 2017/02/122016/12/302017/02/132017/02/132017/03/32017/04/222016/07/1 1395/4/11 2017/04/222017/04/42017/04/202017/04/42017/04/182017/05/242017/03/4 1395/12/14 Janakiraman Narayanan Janakiraman Narayanan Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai -627 002, Tamil Nadu, India India biojanakiraman@gmail.com Johnson Marimuthu alias Antonysamy Johnson Marimuthu alias Antonysamy Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai -627 002, Tamil Nadu, India India ptcjohnson@gmail.com Tree ferns culex quinquefasciatus larvicidal 1. Hamaidia K, Soltani N. Laboratory evaluation of a biorational insecticide, kinoprene, against Culex pipiens larvae: effects on growth and development. Annu Res Rev Biol 2014;4:2263-73.##2. Kaushik R, Saini P. Larvicidal activity of leaf extract of Millingtonia hortensis (Family: Bignoniaceae) against Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. J Vector Borne Dis 2008;45:66-9.##3. Govindarajan M. Larvicidal efficacy of Ficus benghalensis L. plant leaf extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Aedes aegypti L. and Anopheles stephensi L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010;14:107-11.##4. Perez RP, Bujaidas EM, Cadena SR, Jasso MD, Gallaga JP, Miranda AS, et al. Genotoxic and cytotoxic studies of beta-sitosterol and pteropodine in mouse. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005;3:242-7.##5. Moran RC. Diversity, biogeography and floristics. In: Ranker TA, Haufler CH, editors. Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. p. 367-94.##6. Dudani S, Ramachandra TV. Pteridophytes of Western Ghats. First Indian Biodiversity Congress; 2010. p. 156.##7. Janakiraman N, Johnson M. Inter specific variation studies on Cyathea species using phytochemical and fluorescence analysis. Res Rev: J Pharm Toxicol Stud 2015;3:25-31.##8. Janakiraman N, Johnson M. Functional groups of tree ferns (Cyathea) using FTIR: Chemotaxonomic implications. Rom J Biophys 2015;25:131-41.##9. Janakiraman N, Johnson M. In vitro antioxidant properties of natural products isolated from selected species of Cyathea. J Clin Nephrol Res 2015;2:1027.##10. Janakiraman N, Johnson M. HPTLC fingerprint profile (phenolics) of selected Cyathea species from Western Ghats, South India. Chin J Biol 2016;Article ID 6420371.##11. Janakiraman N, Johnson M. GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extracts of Cyathea nilgirensis, C. gigantea and C. crinita. Egypt Pharmaceut J 2016;15:43-7. ##12. Janakiraman N, Johnson M. Ethanol extracts of selected Cyathea species decreased cell viability and inhibited growth in MCF 7 cell line cultures. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2016;9:151-5.##13. Manickam VS, Irudayaraj V. Pteridophyte Flora of the Western Ghats, South India. BI Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi; 1992.##14. World Health Organization. Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/ 2005.13. Geneva; 2005. ##15. Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 1925. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987;18:265-7. ##16. Finney DJ. Probit analysis. London: Cambridge University Press; 1979. p. 68-72. ##17. Pavela R. Larvicidal activities of some Euro-Asiatic plants against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2009;105:887-92.##18. Das NG, Goswami D, Rabha B. Preliminary evaluation of mosquito larvicidal efficacy of plant extracts. J Vector Borne Dis 2007;44:145-8.##19. Rana IS, Rana AS. Efficacy of essential oils of aromatic plants as larvicide for the management of filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) with special reference to Foeniculum vulgare. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012;2:184-9.##20. Singha S, Banerjee S, Chandra G. Synergistic effect of Croton caudatus (fruits) and Tiliacora acuminata (flowers) extracts against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011;1:159-64.##21. Haldar KM, Ghosh P, Chandra G. Evaluation of target specific larvicidal activity of the leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011;1:199-203.##22. Nikkon F, Habib MR, Saud ZA, Karim MR. Tagetes erecta Linn. and its mosquitocidal potency against Culex quinquefasciatus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011;1:186-8.## ##