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Antibiotic-silver Nanoconjugates: Effective Strategies to Combat the Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance 2 2 urrently, antimicrobial resistance has become a major threat worldwide, hindering the effective functioning of antibiotics. Overcoming this challenge requires increasing antibiotic doses and, consequently, increasing toxicity. One of the researchers’ new strategy is to produce silver-antibiotic nanoconjugates. 71 72 2026/06/28 1405/4/7 2026/03/28 1405/1/8 Shahram Eslami Shahram Eslami Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran zadeh20@gmail.com Mubeen B, Ansar AN, Rasool R, Ullah I, Imam SS, Alshehri S, et al. Nanotechnology as a novel approach in combating microbes providing an alternative to antibiotics. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(12):1473. [DOI:10.3390/antibiotics10121473] [PMID] [PMCID]##Blair JM, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJ. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015; 13(1):42-51. [DOI:10.1038/nrmicro3380] [PMID]##Moradi F, Ghaedi A, Fooladfar Z, Bazrgar A. Recent advance on nanoparticles or nanomaterials with anti-multidrug resistant bacteria and anti-bacterial biofilm properties: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2023; 9(11):e22105. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22105] [PMID] [PMCID]##Barani A, Naderi R, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Optimization and evaluation for biomedical activities of green-synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Astrodaucus persicus and their novel sunscreen applications. Sci Rep. 2026. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-47981-x] [PMID]##Hashemi Z, Mizwari ZM, Alizadeh SR, Habibi M, Mohammadrezaee S, Ghoreishi SM, Mortazavi-Derazkola S, Ebrahimzadeh MA. Anticancer and antibacterial activity against clinical pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles with Mentha pulegium and Crocus caspius extracts. Inorganic Chem Commun. 2023; 154:110982. [DOI:10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110982]##Radulescu DM, Surdu VA, Ficai A, Ficai D, Grumezescu AM, Andronescu E. Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: A review of the principles and biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(20):15397. [DOI:10.3390/ijms242015397] [PMID] [PMCID]##Makabenta JMV, Nabawy A, Li CH, Schmidt-Malan S, Patel R, Rotello VM. Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021; 19(1):23-36. [DOI:10.1038/s41579-020-0420-1] [PMID] [PMCID]##Halawani EM, Hassan AM, Gad El-Rab SMF. Nanoformulation of biogenic cefotaxime-conjugated-silver nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial efficacy against multidrug-resistant bacteria and anticancer studies. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020; 15:1889-901. [DOI:10.2147/IJN.S236182] [PMID] [PMCID]##Keshavarz B, Gharbavi M, Bagherpour G, Rezaeejam H, Johari B. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles coated with alginate and conjugated to docetaxel drug: Combination therapy under x-irradiation on LNCaP prostate cancer cells. J Polym Environ. 2025; 1-21. [DOI:10.1007/s10924-025-03591-8]##Ahmad A, Wei Y, Syed F, Tahir K, Taj R, Khan AU, et al. Amphotericin B-conjugated biogenic silver nanoparticles as an innovative strategy for fungal infections. Microb Pathog. 2016; 99:271-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.031] [PMID]##Zhang Q, Wang R, Wang M, Liu C, Koohi-Moghadam M, Wang H, et al. Re-sensitization of mcr carrying multidrug resistant bacteria to colistin by silver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022; 119(11):e2119417119. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.2119417119] [PMID] [PMCID]##Khan BF, Hamidullah, Dwivedi S, Konwar R, Zubair S, Owais M. Potential of bacterial culture media in biofabrication of metal nanoparticles and the therapeutic potential of the as-synthesized nanoparticles in conjunction with artemisinin against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol. 2019; 234(5):6951-64. [DOI:10.1002/jcp.27438] [PMID]## ##

Vitamin D and Pneumonia in Children: Immunological Mechanisms, Clinical Outcomes, and Current Evidence 2 2 Background: Vitamin D plays a notable role in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. It supports the production of antimicrobial peptides, promotes autophagy, and helps control inflammatory signaling. These functions suggest that vitamin D may contribute to respiratory defense. However, the relationship between vitamin D levels and childhood pneumonia remains unclear and has shown inconsistent results in different studies.  Objectives: To explore the biological mechanisms of vitamin D in respiratory immunity, evaluate the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and childhood pneumonia risk/severity, assess trial results in deficient versus replete populations, and identify sources of inconsistency across studies. Methods: This narrative review includes observational and interventional studies from several regions, such as South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. We included studies that reported serum 25(OH)D levels, markers of pneumonia severity, and clinical outcomes in children. Special attention was given to mechanistic evidence, dose-response patterns, and differences in findings between vitamin D deficient and vitamin D adequate populations.  Results: Observational studies show that children with pneumonia have lower vitamin D levels than healthy controls. Deficiency is associated with greater susceptibility, longer hospital stays, hypoxemia, and a higher risk of complications like sepsis. A dose-response relationship has been observed, where higher 25(OH)D levels are associated with less severe disease. However, randomized controlled trials have produced mixed results. Benefits, such as reduced recurrence and modest recovery improvements, are mainly seen in vitamin D deficient populations, with little to no effect in replete groups. These inconsistencies likely stem from differences in study design and a lack of detailed clinical endpoints.  Conclusion: Observational studies associate low vitamin D with worse pneumonia outcomes in children, but randomized control trials show inconsistent results. Potential benefits (reduced recurrence, modest clinical improvement) appear mainly in deficient children, yet causality remains unproven due to heterogeneity in study design, deficiency definitions, and outcome measures. The lack of standardized pediatric vitamin D cutoffs (ranging from <12 to <20 ng/mL) limits clinical application. Rigorous prospective trials with uniform metrics are needed to establish causality and identify which deficient children benefit most. 73 86 2026/06/282025/12/12 1404/9/21 2026/03/282026/05/12 1405/2/22 Shahed Ahmadi Shahed Ahmadi Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahed Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Iran shahedahmadi@sbmu.ac.ir Zahra Sahraei Zahra Sahraei Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahed Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Iran zahra.sahraee@yahoo.com Vitamin D Pediatric pneumonia Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) Immune modulation Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, Fakhran S, Balk R, Bramley AM, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. Adults. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(5):415-27. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1500245] [PMID]##Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A Review of micronutrients and the immune system-working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1):236. [DOI:10.3390/nu12010236] [PMID]##Amling L, Rink L, Bennstein SB. Short-term oral zinc supplementation enhances Natural Killer cell functionality and decreases circulating innate lymphoid cell counts and frequencies in healthy young adults. J Transl Med. 2025; 23(1):333. 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Vitamin D modulates the content of inflammatory microRNAs in extracellular vesicles from human adipocyte cells in inflammatory context. Biofactors. 2025; 51(1):e70003. [DOI:10.1002/biof.70003] [PMID]##Adorini L, Penna G, Giarratana N, Uskokovic M. Tolerogenic dendritic cells induced by vitamin D receptor ligands enhance regulatory T cells inhibiting allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases. J Cell Biochem. 2003; 88(2):227-33. [DOI:10.1002/jcb.10340] [PMID]##Helming L, Böse J, Ehrchen J, Schiebe S, Frahm T, Geffers R, et al. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a potent suppressor of interferon gamma-mediated macrophage activation. Blood. 2005; 106(13):4351-8. [DOI:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1029] [PMID]##Ferreira GB, Vanherwegen AS, Eelen G, Gutiérrez ACF, Van Lommel L, Marchal K, et al. Vitamin D3 induces tolerance in human dendritic cells by activation of intracellular metabolic pathways. Cell Rep. 2015; 10(5):711-725. [DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.013] [PMID]##Griffin MD, Dong X, Kumar R. Vitamin D receptor-mediated suppression of RelB in antigen presenting cells: A paradigm for ligand-augmented negative transcriptional regulation. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007; 460(2):218-26. [DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2007.01.034] [PMID]##Bscheider M, Butcher EC. Vitamin D immunoregulation through dendritic cells. Immunology. 2016; 148(3):227-36. [DOI:10.1111/imm.12610] [PMID]##Bikle DD. Vitamin D and immune function: Understanding common pathways. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2009; 7(2):58-63. [DOI:10.1007/s11914-009-0011-6] [PMID]##Chen S, Sims GP, Chen XX, Gu YY, Chen S, Lipsky PE. Modulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B cell differentiation. J Immunol. 2007; 179(3):1634-47. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1634] [PMID]##Ghaseminejad-Raeini A, Ghaderi A, Sharafi A, Nematollahi-Sani B, Moossavi M, Derakhshani A, et al. Immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D in various immune-related disorders: A comprehensive review. 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Anticancer 1,3-thiazole Derivatives: In Vitro Evaluation and in Silico Tubulin/Lipoxygenase Inhibition 2 2 Background: Addressing cancer treatment and drug resistance is critical because cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Targeting key enzymes, such as tubulin and lipoxygenase, may yield new strategies to impede tumor growth and enhance treatment efficacy. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer effects of 1,3-thiazole derivatives on A549 and HT-29 cancer cell lines and investigate their ability to inhibit tubulin and lipoxygenase enzymes. Methods: Ethyl and methyl derivatives with a central 1,3-thiazole core were synthesized in one step. A549 and HT-29 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium. The cytotoxic effects of the derivatives were assessed by treating the cells with varying concentrations for 24, 48, and 72 hours, followed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Molecular docking using AutoDock Vina software, version 1.1.2 was performed to evaluate the derivatives’ inhibitory effects on tubulin and lipoxygenase. Results: Compound A demonstrated significant anticancer activity against A549 cells at 500 µg/mL. Compound B also inhibited 50% of cancer cells at 1000 µg/mL. In the HT-29 cell line, compound A reduced cell viability by 50% at 500 µg/mL, while compound B showed stronger effects at the same concentration. Ligand A exhibited notable inhibitory potential against tubulin, whereas ligand B had significant inhibitory effects against tubulin and lipoxygenase. Conclusion: The ethyl substituent of the 1,3-thiazole core shows promise as an anticancer agent against A549, while the methyl substituent is effective against HT-29. Both derivatives can inhibit tubulin function. 87 98 2026/06/282025/12/122025/02/14 1403/11/26 2026/03/282026/05/122025/12/2 1404/9/11 Yasin SarveAhrabi Yasin SarveAhrabi Department of Biology, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran yasin.ahrabi2016@gmail.com Saina Aqa Abedi Saina Aqa Abedi Department of Biology, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran abedisaina13@gmail.com Mastaneh Ahmadirad Mastaneh Ahmadirad Department of Biology, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mastaneh.ah@gmail.com Nakisa Zarrabi Ahrabi Nakisa Zarrabi Ahrabi Department of Biology, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran na.zarrabi@iauctb.ac.ir Thiazoles A549 cells HT-29 cells Tubulin Lipoxygenase Molecular docking Rezayatmand H, Razmkhah M, Razeghian-Jahromi I. Drug resistance in cancer therapy: The Pandora's box of cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022; 13(1):181. [DOI:10.1186/s13287-022-02856-6] [PMID]##Fu YC, Liang SB, Luo M, Wang XP. Intratumoral heterogeneity and drug resistance in cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2025; 25(1):103. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-025-03734-w] [PMID]##Mengistu BA, Tsegaw T, Demessie Y, Getnet K, Bitew AB, Kinde MZ, et al. Comprehensive review of drug resistance in mammalian cancer stem cells: Implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int. 2024; 24(1):406. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-024-03558-0] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tao X, Ke X, Xu G. Mechanisms of circular RNA in drug resistance of lung cancer: Therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and future research directions. Discov Oncol. 2025; 16(1):896.[DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-02713-x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Garimella SS, Gampa SC, Garimella S. Role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy: Unveiling new targets to overcome drug resistance. Med Oncol. 2025; 42(6):202. [DOI:10.1007/s12032-025-02754-w] [PMID]##Minopoli A, Evangelista D, Marras M, Perini G, Augello A, Palmieri V, et al. Enhancing photothermal therapy effectiveness via tartrazine-induced optical clearing of biological tissues. Sci Rep. 2026; 16(1):7553. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-38616-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Pramanik P, Das T, Pal U, Rehman I. Unravelling the molecular genetics and epigenetic regulation of lung cancer vis a vis non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for a targeted approach towards novel therapeutic strategies: A review. Nucleus. 2025. [DOI:10.1007/s13237-025-00629-z]##Wang Y, Hao Y, Ranieri M, Abramyan TM, Tsidilkovski L, Hollenberg M, et al. Deep mutational scanning reveals EGFR mutations conferring resistance to the 4th-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor BLU-945. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2025; 9(1):294. [DOI:10.1038/s41698-025-01086-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Lin D, Luo Y, Chen J, Ma Z, Kang H, Wang X, et al. Single-Cell-Derived Tumor Organoid (STO) arrays on a microfluidic chip for personalized drug screening to address heterogeneity-induced drug resistance in colorectal cancer. Microsyst Nanoeng. 2025; 11(1):253. [DOI:10.1038/s41378-025-01068-1] [PMID] [PMCID]##Karnwal A, Dutta J, Aqueel-Ur-Rehman, Al-Tawaha ARMS, Nesterova N. Genetic landscape of cancer: Mechanisms, key genes, and therapeutic implications. Clin Transl Oncol. 2026; 28(2):424-5. [DOI:10.1007/s12094-025-04019-4] [PMID]##Raman APS, Aslam M, Awasthi A, Ansari A, Jain P, Lal K, et al. An updated review on 1,2,3-/1,2,4-triazoles: synthesis and diverse range of biological potential. Mol Divers. 2025; 29(1):899-964. [DOI:10.1007/s11030-024-10858-0] [PMID]##Dasgupta A, Rajesh R, Das PK, Matada GS, Dhiwar PS, Paik A. Medicinal chemistry perspective of chalcone derivatives as anticancer agents: Synthetic strategy, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship. Mol Divers. 2026. [DOI:10.1007/s11030-025-11434-w]##Lee H, Kim M, Jeon B. Boron-containing anticancer agents: A target-centric review of structure-activity relationships and clinical pipeline. Arch Pharm Res. 2025; 48(11-12):1253-98. [DOI:10.1007/s12272-025-01582-w] [PMID]##Wang X, Fan Y, Wang Q, Shu X, Lin J, Guo J, et al. Tumor-infiltrating nerves: Unraveling the role of cancer neuroscience in tumorigenesis, disease progression, and emerging therapies. Discov Oncol. 2025; 16(1):1209. [DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-02827-2] [PMID]##No Author. 33rd Annual Meeting & Pre-Conference Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2018) : Washington, D.C., USA. 7-11 November 2018. J Immunother Cancer. 2018; 6(Suppl 1):114. [DOI:10.1186/s40425-018-0422-y] [PMID]##Sarveahrabi Y, Shirinbeig S. [One-step synthesis of ethyl and methyl derivatives of ylidene-acetate bonded at position 5 of ring 1,3-thiazole and evaluation of their antibacterial activities (Persian)]. Navid No. 2020; 23(73):66-77. [DOI:10.22038/nnj.2020.45706.1197]##Aljohani GF, Abolibda TZ, Alhilal M, AlHumaidi JY, Alhilal S, Ahmed HA, et al. Novel thiadiazolethiazole hybrids: synthesis, molecular docking, and cytotoxicity evaluation against liver cancer cell lines. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2022; 16(1):1005-15. [DOI:10.1080/16583655.2022.2135805]##Dorleans A, Gigant B, Ravelli RBG, Mailliet P, Mikol V, Knossow M. Tubulin: RB3 Stathmin-like domain complex. New York: Protein Data Bank; 2009. [DOI:10.2210/pdb3HKB/pdb]##Youn B, Sellhorn GE, Mirchel RJ, Gaffney BJ, Grimes HD, Kang C. Crystal Structure of Soybean Lipoxygenase-B. New York: Protein Data Bank; 2006. [DOI:10.2210/pdb2iuj/pdb]##AlShemary RK, Mohapatra RK, Kumar M, Sarangi AK, Azam M, Tuli HS, et al. Synthesis, structural investigations, XRD, DFT, anticancer and molecular docking study of a series of thiazolebased Schiff base metal complexes. J Mol Struct. 2023; 1275:134676. [DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134676]##Xia C, Liu Y, Qing X. Trends in incidence and mortality of early-onset gastrointestinal cancers: A comprehensive study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025; 25(1):424. [DOI:10.1186/s12876-025-04015-6] [PMID]##Elwali NE, AlShareef SM, Khamis AH, Elhassan MMA. Pancreatic cancer in Saudi Arabia (2005-2020): Increasing trend. BMC Cancer. 2024; 24(1):653. [DOI:10.1186/s12885-024-12401-8] [PMID]##Sharma A, Baker S, Duijm M, Oomen-de Hoop E, Cornelissen R, Verhoef C, et al. Prognostic factors for local control and survival for inoperable pulmonary colorectal oligometastases treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2020; 144:23-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.radonc.2019.10.004] [PMID]##Nur A, Seruwagi G, Odwe G, Kisaakye P, Muthuri S, Habteyesus D, et al. Screening for sexual violence against children in humanitarian settings: A feasibility study of a parasocial workerled intervention in Uganda. Int J Humanitarian Action. 2025; 10:19. [DOI:10.1186/s41018-025-00185-w]##Noorkhajavi G, Banakholdi A, Torabi A, Zoghi A, Iranijam E, Safarzadeh E. Recent clinical advances in nonconjugated antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for colorectal cancer treatment. Cancer Cell Int. 2025; 25(1):395. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-025-04039-8] [PMID]##Saripilli R, Sharma DK. Nanotechnologybased drug delivery system for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Discov Oncol. 2025; 16(1):422. [DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-02062-9] [PMID]##Green C, Kong AP, Brysbaert M, Keogh K. Crowdsourced and AIgenerated ageofacquisition (AoA) norms for vocabulary in print: extending the Kuperman et al. (2012) norms. Behav Res Methods. 2025; 57(11):304. [DOI:10.3758/s13428-025-02843-8] [PMID]##No Author. Proceedings of the World Molecular Imaging Congress 2019, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 4-7, 2019: General abstracts. Mol Imaging Biol. 2019; 21(Suppl 1):1-166. [DOI:10.1007/s11307-019-01454-y]##Stathatos GG, Merriner DJ, O'Connor AE, Zenker J, Dunleavy JE, O'Bryan MK. Epsilon tubulin is an essential determinant of microtubule-based structures in male germ cells. EMBO Rep. 2024; 25(6):2722-42. [DOI:10.1038/s44319-024-00159-w] [PMID]##Wang Y, Hsu P, Hu H, Lin F, Wei X. Role of arachidonic acid metabolism in osteosarcoma prognosis by integrating WGCNA and bioinformatics analysis. BMC Cancer. 2025; 25(1):445. [DOI:10.1186/s12885-024-13278-3] [PMID]##Čermák V, Dostál V, Jelínek M, Libusová L, Kovář J, Rösel D, et al. Microtubule-targeting agents and their impact on cancer treatment. Eur J Cell Biol. 2020; 99(4):151075. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151075] [PMID]##Saadh MJ, Ahmed HH, Chandra M, Al-Hussainy AF, Hamid JA, Mishra A, et al. Therapeutic effects of quercetin in oral cancer therapy: A systematic review of preclinical evidence focused on oxidative damage, apoptosis and anti-metastasis. Cancer Cell Int. 2025; 25(1):66. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-025-03694-1] [PMID]##No Author. Abstracts of the 82nd Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2016; 389(Suppl 1):1-104. [DOI:10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y] [PMID]##Abhale YK, Patel K, Patil M, Mhaske PC, Jabir M, Ghotekar S. Recent advancements in the synthesis of bithiazole and its derivatives for versatile medicinal applications. Chem Pap. 2025; 79:7269-98. [DOI:10.1007/s11696-025-04312-0]##Paul A, Mishra SS, Maji A, Samanta A, Nahar S, Maity TK. Exploring the therapeutic potentials of cuminaldehyde: a comprehensive review of biological activities, mechanisms, and novel delivery systems. Phytochem Rev. 2025; 24:5207-38. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-025-10069-x]##No Author. Proceedings of the World Molecular Imaging Congress 2020, October 7-9, 2020: General Abstracts. Mol Imaging Biol. 2021; 23(Suppl 1):1-862. [DOI:10.1007/s11307-021-01691-0]##Sharma A, Suvedi D, Kumar A, Khanal S, Verma R, Kumar D, et al. Bioactive compounds of Ganoderma species: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in cancer and metabolic disorders. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025; 41(12):497. [DOI:10.1007/s11274-025-04687-y] [PMID]##No Author. Abstracts from the 56th European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) Conference: Hybrid Posters. Eur J Hum Genet. 2024; 32(Suppl 1):349-795. [DOI:10.1038/s41431-023-01482-x]##Rezayatmand H, Razmkhah M, Razeghian-Jahromi I. Drug resistance in cancer therapy: The Pandora's box of cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022; 13(1):181. [DOI:10.1186/s13287-022-02856-6] [PMID]##Fu YC, Liang SB, Luo M, Wang XP. Intratumoral heterogeneity and drug resistance in cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2025; 25(1):103. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-025-03734-w] [PMID]##Mengistu BA, Tsegaw T, Demessie Y, Getnet K, Bitew AB, Kinde MZ, et al. Comprehensive review of drug resistance in mammalian cancer stem cells: Implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int. 2024; 24(1):406. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-024-03558-0] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tao X, Ke X, Xu G. Mechanisms of circular RNA in drug resistance of lung cancer: Therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and future research directions. Discov Oncol. 2025; 16(1):896.[DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-02713-x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Garimella SS, Gampa SC, Garimella S. Role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy: Unveiling new targets to overcome drug resistance. Med Oncol. 2025; 42(6):202. [DOI:10.1007/s12032-025-02754-w] [PMID]##Minopoli A, Evangelista D, Marras M, Perini G, Augello A, Palmieri V, et al. Enhancing photothermal therapy effectiveness via tartrazine-induced optical clearing of biological tissues. Sci Rep. 2026; 16(1):7553. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-38616-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Pramanik P, Das T, Pal U, Rehman I. Unravelling the molecular genetics and epigenetic regulation of lung cancer vis a vis non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for a targeted approach towards novel therapeutic strategies: A review. Nucleus. 2025. [DOI:10.1007/s13237-025-00629-z]##Wang Y, Hao Y, Ranieri M, Abramyan TM, Tsidilkovski L, Hollenberg M, et al. Deep mutational scanning reveals EGFR mutations conferring resistance to the 4th-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor BLU-945. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2025; 9(1):294. [DOI:10.1038/s41698-025-01086-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Lin D, Luo Y, Chen J, Ma Z, Kang H, Wang X, et al. Single-Cell-Derived Tumor Organoid (STO) arrays on a microfluidic chip for personalized drug screening to address heterogeneity-induced drug resistance in colorectal cancer. Microsyst Nanoeng. 2025; 11(1):253. [DOI:10.1038/s41378-025-01068-1] [PMID] [PMCID]##Karnwal A, Dutta J, Aqueel-Ur-Rehman, Al-Tawaha ARMS, Nesterova N. Genetic landscape of cancer: Mechanisms, key genes, and therapeutic implications. Clin Transl Oncol. 2026; 28(2):424-5. [DOI:10.1007/s12094-025-04019-4] [PMID]##Raman APS, Aslam M, Awasthi A, Ansari A, Jain P, Lal K, et al. An updated review on 1,2,3-/1,2,4-triazoles: synthesis and diverse range of biological potential. Mol Divers. 2025; 29(1):899-964. [DOI:10.1007/s11030-024-10858-0] [PMID]##Dasgupta A, Rajesh R, Das PK, Matada GS, Dhiwar PS, Paik A. Medicinal chemistry perspective of chalcone derivatives as anticancer agents: Synthetic strategy, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship. Mol Divers. 2026. [DOI:10.1007/s11030-025-11434-w]##Lee H, Kim M, Jeon B. Boron-containing anticancer agents: A target-centric review of structure-activity relationships and clinical pipeline. Arch Pharm Res. 2025; 48(11-12):1253-98. [DOI:10.1007/s12272-025-01582-w] [PMID]##Wang X, Fan Y, Wang Q, Shu X, Lin J, Guo J, et al. Tumor-infiltrating nerves: Unraveling the role of cancer neuroscience in tumorigenesis, disease progression, and emerging therapies. Discov Oncol. 2025; 16(1):1209. [DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-02827-2] [PMID]##No Author. 33rd Annual Meeting & Pre-Conference Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2018) : Washington, D.C., USA. 7-11 November 2018. J Immunother Cancer. 2018; 6(Suppl 1):114. [DOI:10.1186/s40425-018-0422-y] [PMID]##Sarveahrabi Y, Shirinbeig S. [One-step synthesis of ethyl and methyl derivatives of ylidene-acetate bonded at position 5 of ring 1,3-thiazole and evaluation of their antibacterial activities (Persian)]. Navid No. 2020; 23(73):66-77. [DOI:10.22038/nnj.2020.45706.1197]##Aljohani GF, Abolibda TZ, Alhilal M, AlHumaidi JY, Alhilal S, Ahmed HA, et al. Novel thiadiazolethiazole hybrids: synthesis, molecular docking, and cytotoxicity evaluation against liver cancer cell lines. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2022; 16(1):1005-15. [DOI:10.1080/16583655.2022.2135805]##Dorleans A, Gigant B, Ravelli RBG, Mailliet P, Mikol V, Knossow M. Tubulin: RB3 Stathmin-like domain complex. New York: Protein Data Bank; 2009. [DOI:10.2210/pdb3HKB/pdb]##Youn B, Sellhorn GE, Mirchel RJ, Gaffney BJ, Grimes HD, Kang C. Crystal Structure of Soybean Lipoxygenase-B. New York: Protein Data Bank; 2006. [DOI:10.2210/pdb2iuj/pdb]##AlShemary RK, Mohapatra RK, Kumar M, Sarangi AK, Azam M, Tuli HS, et al. Synthesis, structural investigations, XRD, DFT, anticancer and molecular docking study of a series of thiazolebased Schiff base metal complexes. J Mol Struct. 2023; 1275:134676. [DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134676]##Xia C, Liu Y, Qing X. Trends in incidence and mortality of early-onset gastrointestinal cancers: A comprehensive study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025; 25(1):424. [DOI:10.1186/s12876-025-04015-6] [PMID]##Elwali NE, AlShareef SM, Khamis AH, Elhassan MMA. Pancreatic cancer in Saudi Arabia (2005-2020): Increasing trend. BMC Cancer. 2024; 24(1):653. [DOI:10.1186/s12885-024-12401-8] [PMID]##Sharma A, Baker S, Duijm M, Oomen-de Hoop E, Cornelissen R, Verhoef C, et al. Prognostic factors for local control and survival for inoperable pulmonary colorectal oligometastases treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2020; 144:23-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.radonc.2019.10.004] [PMID]##Nur A, Seruwagi G, Odwe G, Kisaakye P, Muthuri S, Habteyesus D, et al. Screening for sexual violence against children in humanitarian settings: A feasibility study of a parasocial workerled intervention in Uganda. Int J Humanitarian Action. 2025; 10:19. [DOI:10.1186/s41018-025-00185-w]##Noorkhajavi G, Banakholdi A, Torabi A, Zoghi A, Iranijam E, Safarzadeh E. Recent clinical advances in nonconjugated antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for colorectal cancer treatment. Cancer Cell Int. 2025; 25(1):395. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-025-04039-8] [PMID]##Saripilli R, Sharma DK. Nanotechnologybased drug delivery system for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. Discov Oncol. 2025; 16(1):422. [DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-02062-9] [PMID]##Green C, Kong AP, Brysbaert M, Keogh K. Crowdsourced and AIgenerated ageofacquisition (AoA) norms for vocabulary in print: extending the Kuperman et al. (2012) norms. Behav Res Methods. 2025; 57(11):304. [DOI:10.3758/s13428-025-02843-8] [PMID]##No Author. Proceedings of the World Molecular Imaging Congress 2019, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 4-7, 2019: General abstracts. Mol Imaging Biol. 2019; 21(Suppl 1):1-166. [DOI:10.1007/s11307-019-01454-y]##Stathatos GG, Merriner DJ, O'Connor AE, Zenker J, Dunleavy JE, O'Bryan MK. Epsilon tubulin is an essential determinant of microtubule-based structures in male germ cells. EMBO Rep. 2024; 25(6):2722-42. [DOI:10.1038/s44319-024-00159-w] [PMID]##Wang Y, Hsu P, Hu H, Lin F, Wei X. Role of arachidonic acid metabolism in osteosarcoma prognosis by integrating WGCNA and bioinformatics analysis. BMC Cancer. 2025; 25(1):445. [DOI:10.1186/s12885-024-13278-3] [PMID]##Čermák V, Dostál V, Jelínek M, Libusová L, Kovář J, Rösel D, et al. Microtubule-targeting agents and their impact on cancer treatment. Eur J Cell Biol. 2020; 99(4):151075. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151075] [PMID]##Saadh MJ, Ahmed HH, Chandra M, Al-Hussainy AF, Hamid JA, Mishra A, et al. Therapeutic effects of quercetin in oral cancer therapy: A systematic review of preclinical evidence focused on oxidative damage, apoptosis and anti-metastasis. Cancer Cell Int. 2025; 25(1):66. [DOI:10.1186/s12935-025-03694-1] [PMID]##No Author. Abstracts of the 82nd Annual Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (DGPT) and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Network Clinical Pharmacology Germany (VKliPha) in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Angewandte Humanpharmakologie e.V. (AGAH). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2016; 389(Suppl 1):1-104. [DOI:10.1007/s00210-016-1213-y] [PMID]##Abhale YK, Patel K, Patil M, Mhaske PC, Jabir M, Ghotekar S. Recent advancements in the synthesis of bithiazole and its derivatives for versatile medicinal applications. Chem Pap. 2025; 79:7269-98. [DOI:10.1007/s11696-025-04312-0]##Paul A, Mishra SS, Maji A, Samanta A, Nahar S, Maity TK. Exploring the therapeutic potentials of cuminaldehyde: a comprehensive review of biological activities, mechanisms, and novel delivery systems. Phytochem Rev. 2025; 24:5207-38. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-025-10069-x]##No Author. Proceedings of the World Molecular Imaging Congress 2020, October 7-9, 2020: General Abstracts. Mol Imaging Biol. 2021; 23(Suppl 1):1-862. [DOI:10.1007/s11307-021-01691-0]##Sharma A, Suvedi D, Kumar A, Khanal S, Verma R, Kumar D, et al. Bioactive compounds of Ganoderma species: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in cancer and metabolic disorders. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025; 41(12):497. [DOI:10.1007/s11274-025-04687-y] [PMID]##No Author. Abstracts from the 56th European Society of Human Genetics (ESHG) Conference: Hybrid Posters. Eur J Hum Genet. 2024; 32(Suppl 1):349-795. [DOI:10.1038/s41431-023-01482-x]## ##

Comparative Antimicrobial Effects of Lemon Verbena Extracts and Chlorhexidine on Cariogenic Bacteria 2 2 Background: Caries is a type of oral bacterial infectious disease. The two species responsible for the initiation of human dental caries include Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Lactobacillus species have also been observed in the secondary pathogenesis of caries. The antimicrobial properties of herbs, which do not affect the natural flora of the oral cavity, make them a suitable alternative to chemicals. Objectives: Due to the lack of studies and evidence on the antibacterial effect of the Aloysia citriodora on caries-causing bacteria and the absence of a research on different types of extracts of this herb, further tests were conducted in the present study.  Methods: In this comparative laboratory study, after preparing and extracting A. citriodora and obtaining its essential oil with a Cloninger machine, different concentrations were prepared. Then, zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were performed on S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus casei. These tests were also performed on 0.12% chlorhexidine. Data were reported as Mean±SEM. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the ZOI diameters among different mouthwashes. Results: The greatest antibacterial effect of A. citriodora was related to the essential oil, followed by the hydroalcoholic, aqueous, and hexane extracts, respectively. In general, based on mean concentrations, S. mutans (P<0.001) and L. casei (P<0.001) were the most susceptible bacteria to chlorhexidine, while S. sobrinus (P<0.001) was most susceptible to the essential oil. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between the different extracts, essential oils, and mouthwash groups at all concentrations. Conclusion: If the results of the present study are confirmed by further studies, the essential oil as well as aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of A. citriodora can be used in the formulation of mouthwashes and toothpastes to combat caries-causing bacteria. 99 108 2026/06/282025/12/122025/02/142024/10/20 1403/7/29 2026/03/282026/05/122025/12/22025/11/3 1404/8/12 Maryam-Sadat Sadrzadeh-Afshar Maryam-Sadat Sadrzadeh-Afshar Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran maryamsadrzade20@gmail.com Ehsan Moghtaderi-Esfahani Ehsan Moghtaderi-Esfahani Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran e.moghtaderi@gmail.com Gelareh Forouzani Gelareh Forouzani Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran glareh.forouzani@yahoo.com Antimicrobial agents Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus sobrinus Lactobacillus casei Plant extracts Zhang Q, Qin S, Huang Y, Xu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, et al. Inhibitory and preventive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum FB-T9 on dental caries in rats. J Oral Microbiol. 2019; 12(1):1703883. [DOI:10.1080/20002297.2019.1703883] [PMID] [PMCID]##Marhuenda J, Perez-Pinero S, Arcusa R, Victoria-Montesinos D, Canovas F, Sanchez-Macarro M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a polyphenolic extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa and Lippia citriodora) for reducing blood pressure in prehypertensive and type 1 hypertensive subjects. Molecules. 2021; 26(6):1783. [DOI:10.3390/molecules26061783] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tanner AC, Kressirer CA, Faller LL. Understanding caries from the oral microbiome perspective. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2016; 44(7):437-46. 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Evaluation of the antibacterial effects of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Aloysia Citriodora (Lemon verbena) on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Electron Physician. 2016; 8(12):3363-8. [DOI:10.19082/3363] [PMID] [PMCID]##Alforaidi S, Bresin A, Almosa N, Lehrkinder A, Lingström P. Effect of drops containing Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289) on plaque acidogenicity and other caries-related variables in orthodontic patients. BMC Microbiol. 2021; 21(1):271. [DOI:10.1186/s12866-021-02310-2] [PMID] [PMCID]##Zheng H, Xie T, Li S, Qiao X, Lu Y, Feng Y. Analysis of oral microbial dysbiosis associated with early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21(1):181. [DOI:10.1186/s12903-021-01543-x] [PMID] [PMCID]##Tavafi H, Sadrzadeh-Afshar MS, Niroomand S. In vitro effectiveness of antimicrobial properties of propolis and chlorhexidine on oral pathogens: A comparative study: Effectiveness of antimicrobial properties of propolis and chlorhexidine on oral pathogens. Biosis. 2020; 1(3):116-25. [DOI:10.37819/biosis.001.03.0062]##Bahramsoltani R, Rostamiasrabadi P, Shahpiri Z, Marques AM, Rahimi R, Farzaei MH. Aloysia citrodora Paláu (Lemon verbena): A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 222:34-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.021] [PMID]##Bordoni NE, Salgado PA, Squassi AF. Comparison between indexes for diagnosis and guidance for treatment of dental caries. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2021; 34(3):289-97. [DOI:10.54589/aol.34/3/289] [PMID] [PMCID]##Freires IA, Denny C, Benso B, de Alencar SM, Rosalen PL. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their isolated constituents against cariogenic bacteria: A systematic review. Molecules. 2015; 20(4):7329-58. [DOI:10.3390/molecules20047329] [PMID] [PMCID]##Hussein F. Natural anti-cariogenic Agents. In: Ahmed Niazy M, El-Enshasy H, Mahmoud Ameen S, editors. Natural conservative dentistry: An alternative approach to solve restorative problems. Bentham Science Publishers; 2024. [DOI:10.2174/9789815223194124010005]##Soni B, Gupta D, Gopinathannair R. Quality of life improvement following cardioneuroablation for vasovagal syncope: expected or too early to say? J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2025; 68(2):253-5. [DOI:10.1515/9783110791600-012] [PMID]##Oezdemir Z. The multifactorial etiology of dental caries disease [doctoral dissertation]. Vilnius: Vilnius University; 2024. [Link]##Hosseini M, Jamshidi A, Raeisi M, Azizzadeh M. The antibacterial and antioxidant effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and lemon Verbena (Aloysia citriodora) essential oils. J Hum Environ Health Promot. 2019; 5(2):86-93. [DOI:10.29252/jhehp.5.2.7]##Mirzaie A, Sadat Shandiz SA, Noorbazargan H, Ali Asgary E. Evaluation of chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Aloysia citrodora extract on colon cancer cell line. Tehran Univ Med J TUMS Pub. 2016;74(3):168-76. [Link]##Jaradat N, Hawash M, Abualhasan MN, Qadi M, Ghanim M, Massarwy E, et al. Spectral characterization, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities of Aloysia citriodora essential oils collected from two Palestinian regions. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021; 21(1):143. [DOI:10.1186/s12906-021-03314-1] [PMID] [PMCID]##Santos EL, Freitas PR, Araújo AC, Almeida RS, Tintino SR, Paulo CL, et al. Enhanced antibacterial effect of antibiotics by the essential oil of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. and its major constituent beta-caryophyllene. Phytomed Plus. 2021; 1(4):100100. [DOI:10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100100]##Tammar S, Salem N, Aidi Wannes W, Limam H, Bourgou S, Fares N, et al. 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A Real-world Comparative Analysis of DPP-4 Inhibitors Versus SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2 2 Background: Diabetes has steadily increased in India over the last three decades, with 77 million people having diabetes as of 2019, which is expected to rise to 134 million by 2045. Over 90 % of these cases are of type 2 diabetes. The newer antidiabetics like dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors and sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are prescribed nowadays in type 2 diabetic patients. However, the relative efficacy and safety of these two new drug groups are unknown.  Objectives: We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DPP-IV inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors as add-on therapies in type 2 diabetic patients attending a tertiary care teaching hospital.  Methods: This was a prospective, observational, comparative study conducted at GCS hospital, Ahmedabad, India, from November 2020 to October 2022.  Results: In this study, 125 patients of either gender were enrolled and analysed. Of the 125 patients, 82 have been prescribed DPP-IV inhibitors (65.6%), and 43 were prescribed SGLT-2 inhibitors (34.4 %). SGLT-2 inhibitors had a more substantial decrease in HbA1c than DPP-IV inhibitors at weeks 12 (-1.13±1.33 vs -0.39±1.40, P<0.05) and 24 (-1.87±1.74 vs -1.07±1.58, P<0.05). The total number of adverse events was lower in the DPP-IV inhibitor group than in the SGLT 2 inhibitor group (18.3% vs 46.5%). Urinary tract infection was the most common adverse event in the SGLT-2 inhibitor group. While in the DPP-IV inhibitor group, gastrointestinal adverse events were common.  Conclusion: Though SGLT-2 inhibitors have shown better efficacy outcomes, their possible adverse drug reactions should be kept in mind by physicians. 109 118 2026/06/282025/12/122025/02/142024/10/202025/11/6 1404/8/15 2026/03/282026/05/122025/12/22025/11/32026/04/15 1405/1/26 Parth Patel Parth Patel Department of Pharmacology, Zydus Medical College and Hospital, Dahod, India Iran parth181995patel@gmail.com Xama Patel Xama Patel Department of Pathology, Zydus Medical College and Hospital, Dahod, India. Iran xamaprajapati1230@gmail.com Zankrut Patel Zankrut Patel Department of Pharmacology, Ananya College of Medicine and Research, Gandhinagar, India. Iran zankrutmedico27@gmail.com Akanksha Prajapati Akanksha Prajapati Department of Pharmacology, GCS Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India. Iran akankshapraapati2324@gmail.com Sumit Patel Sumit Patel Department of Pharmacology, GMERS Medical College, Godhra, India. Iran dr.sumitpatel@gmail.com Comparative study Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP-IV) Sodium-Glucose transporter 2 inhibitors Magliano DJ, Boyko EJ. IDF diabetes atlas. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2021. [Link]##Patterson CC, Karuranga S, Salpea P, Saeedi P, Dahlquist G, Soltesz G, et al. Worldwide estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019; 157:107842. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107842] [PMID]##Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, et al. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(17):6275. [DOI:10.3390/ijms21176275] [PMID]##Al-Saleh Y, Sabico S, Al-Furqani A, Jayyousi A, Alromaihi D, Ba-Essa E, et al. Sulfonylureas in the current practice of type 2 diabetes management: are they all the same? Consensus from the gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries advisory board on sulfonylureas. Diabetes Ther. 2021; 12(8):2115-32. [DOI:10.1007/s13300-021-01059-1] [PMID]##Wong HK, Ong KL, Cheung CL, Cheung BM. Utilization of glucose, blood pressure, and lipid lowering medications among people with type II diabetes in the United States, 1999-2010. Ann Epidemiol. 2014; 24(7):516-21.e1. [DOI:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.05.001] [PMID]##Aschner P, Katzeff HL, Guo H, Sunga S, Williams-Herman D, Kaufman KD, et al. Efficacy and safety of monotherapy of sitagliptin compared with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010; 12(3):252-61. [DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01187.x] [PMID]##Padda IS, Mahtani AU, Parmar M. Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Treasure Island: StatPearls; 2022. [PMID]##Inoue H, Tamaki Y, Kashihara Y, Muraki S, Kakara M, Hirota T, et al. Efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogues, and SGLT2 inhibitors as add-ons to metformin monotherapy in T2DM patients: A model-based meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019; 85(2):393-402. [DOI:10.1111/bcp.13807] [PMID]##Huang CH, Huang YY, Hsu BR. A short-term follow-up of glycemic and body weight changes in diabetic patients who replaced dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors with the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2. Ann Saudi Med. 2018; 38(6):420-426. [DOI:10.5144/0256-4947.2018.420] [PMID]##Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Díez-Fernández A, Álvarez-Bueno C, Martínez-Alfonso J, Cavero-Redondo I. Safety and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors: A multiple-treatment meta-analysis of clinical decision indicators. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(12):2713. [DOI:10.3390/jcm10122713] [PMID]##Mirabelli M, Chiefari E, Caroleo P, Vero R, Brunetti FS, Corigliano DM, et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors in an Italian cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2019; 2019:3971060. [DOI:10.1155/2019/3971060] [PMID]##Thein D, Christiansen MN, Mogensen UM, Bundgaard JS, Rørth R, Madelaire C, et al. Add-on therapy in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes at moderate cardiovascular risk: a nationwide study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020; 19(1):107. [DOI:10.1186/s12933-020-01078-5] [PMID]##Ling AW, Chan CC, Chen SW, Kao YW, Huang CY, Chan YH, et al. The risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020; 19(1):188. [DOI:10.1186/s12933-020-01162-w] [PMID]##Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: Clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2018; 34(5):575-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.005] [PMID]##Mishriky BM, Tanenberg RJ, Sewell KA, Cummings DM. Comparing SGLT-2 inhibitors to DPP-4 inhibitors as an add-on therapy to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. 2018; 44(2):112-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabet.2018.01.017] [PMID]##Scheen AJ. Reduction in HbA1c with SGLT2 inhibitors vs. DPP-4 inhibitors as add-ons to metformin monotherapy according to baseline HbA1c: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab. 2020; 46(3):186-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.diabet.2020.01.002] [PMID]##Cha SA, Park YM, Yun JS, Lim TS, Song KH, Yoo KD, et al. A comparison of effects of DPP-4 inhibitor and SGLT2 inhibitor on lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lipids Health Dis. 2017; 16(1):58. [DOI:10.1186/s12944-017-0443-4] [PMID]##Rosenstock J, Hansen L, Zee P, Li Y, Cook W, Hirshberg B, et al. Dual add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes poorly controlled with metformin monotherapy: a randomized double-blind trial of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin addition versus single addition of saxagliptin or dapagliflozin to metformin. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38(3):376-83. [DOI:10.2337/dc14-1142] [PMID]##DeFronzo RA, Lewin A, Patel S, Liu D, Kaste R, Woerle HJ, et al. Combination of empagliflozin and linagliptin as second-line therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38:384-93. [DOI:10.2337/dc14-2364] [PMID]##Wang Z, Sun J, Han R, Fan D, Dong X, Luan Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as monotherapy or add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20:113-20. [DOI:10.1111/dom.13047] [PMID]##Strojek K, Yoon KH, Hruba V, Sugg J, Langkilde AM, Parikh S. Dapagliflozin added to glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus sustains glycemic control and weight loss over 48 weeks: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Ther. 2014; 5:267-83. [DOI:10.1007/s13300-014-0072-0] [PMID]##Choe EY, Cho Y, Choi Y, Yun Y, Wang HJ, Kwon O, et al. The effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab J. 2014; 38:211-9. [DOI:10.4093/dmj.2014.38.3.211] [PMID]##Tentolouris A, Vlachakis P, Tzeravini E, Eleftheriadou I, Tentolouris N. SGLT2 inhibitors: A review of their antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2965. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph16162965] [PMID]##Puckrin R, Saltiel MP, Reynier P, Azoulay L, Yu OHY, Filion KB. SGLT-2 inhibitors and the risk of infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol. 2018; 55:503-14. 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Palliative Effects of Date Palm Pollen and Its Green Selenium Nanoparticles on FSH, LH, and Ovarian Histology in PCOS Mouse Model 2 2 Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by elevated androgen levels, and infertility resulting from anovulation. Selenium supplementation has been reported to improve follicular quality by enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing lipid peroxidation, and mitigating inflammatory responses. Additionally, the beneficial effects of selenium and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on insulin resistance in women with PCOS have been well-documented.  Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of green synthesized SeNPs using plant derived compounds, including date palm pollen (DPP) on a mouse model of PCOS.  Methods: Thirty NMRI mice were randomly allocated into 6 groups, including control, PCOS, PCOS+DPP (200 and 20 mg/kg body weight), and PCOS+SeNPs (2 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight). Following 14 days of treatment, serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured and ovarian folliculogenesis were evaluated through histopathological analysis. Results: The findings indicated that treatment with DPP at a dose of 200 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in serum FSH levels (P≤0.05) and a significant decrease in LH levels (P≤0.01) as compared with SeNPs (2 and 0.2 mg/kg). In contrast, treatment with SeNPs at dose of 0.2 mg/kg revealed more effective in serum level rather than 2 mg/kg. Histopathological evaluation revealed that the aqueous extract of DPP (200 mg/kg) led to a marked reduction in cystic follicles and an increase in secondary, growing follicles, and corpus luteum rather than treatment with SeNPs (2 and 0.2 mg/kg).  Conclusion: Overall, compared with green synthesized SeNPs, the aqueous extract of DPP appears to exert more pronounced therapeutic effects on PCOS-related ovarian abnormalities, likely due to its bioactive constituents. Nevertheless, additional studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.  119 132 2026/06/282025/12/122025/02/142024/10/202025/11/62026/04/25 1405/2/5 2026/03/282026/05/122025/12/22025/11/32026/04/152026/05/12 1405/2/22 elaheh amini elaheh amini Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Iran elaheh.amini@khu.ac.ir Mahdi Mirahmadi Mahdi Mirahmadi Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran. Iran Mahdi.mirahmadi85@gmail.com Helaleh Kaboli Farshchi Helaleh Kaboli Farshchi Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran. Iran H.farshchi.MP@gmail.com Farzaneh Baniasadi Farzaneh Baniasadi Quantum Engineering and Photonics Technology Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Iran fabanias@gmail.com Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) Date palm pollen (DPP) Green synthesis Folliculogenesis Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) Yuan J, Li Z, Yu Y, Wang X, Zhao Y. Natural compounds in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: A comprehensive review of hormonal regulation and therapeutic potential. Front Nutr. 2025; 12:1520695. 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[Link]##Ionescu OM, Frincu F, Mehedintu A, Plotogea M, Cirstoiu M, Petca A, et al. Berberine-A promising therapeutic approach to polycystic ovary syndrome in infertile/pregnant women. Life. 2023; 13(1):125. [DOI:10.3390/life13010125] [PMID]##Maleki V, Faghfouri AH, Tabrizi FPF, Moludi J, Saleh-Ghadimi S, Jafari-Vayghan H, et al. Mechanistic and therapeutic insight into the effects of cinnamon in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review. J Ovarian Res. 2021; 14(1):130. [DOI:10.1186/s13048-021-00870-5] [PMID]##Manouchehri A, Abbaszadeh S, Ahmadi M, Nejad FK, Bahmani M, Dastyar N. Polycystic ovaries and herbal remedies: A systematic review. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2023; 27(1):85-91. [DOI:10.5935/1518-0557.20220024]##Chhoud R, El-Ghoul Y, Alminderej FM, Majdoub H. Phytochemical and technological insights into the fertility-enhancing potential of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Appl Food Res. 2025; 5(2):101410. [DOI:10.1016/j.afres.2025.101410.]##Salhi S, Chentouf M, Harrak H, Rahim A, Çakir C, Çam D, et al. Assessment of physicochemical parameters, bioactive compounds, biological activities, and nutritional value of the most two commercialized pollen types of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Morocco. Food Sci Technol Int. 2024; 30(8):788-98. [DOI:10.1177/10820132231168914] [PMID]##Abdi F, Roozbeh N, Mortazavian AM. Effects of date palm pollen on fertility: Research proposal for a systematic review. BMC Res Notes. 2017; 10(1):363. [DOI:10.1186/s13104-017-2697-3] [PMID]##Falahati AM, Fallahi S, Allamehzadeh Z, Izadi Raieni M, Malekzadeh K. Effects of date palm pollen supplementations on the expression of PRDX1 and PRDX6 genes in infertile men: A controlled clinical trial. Int J Fertil Steril. 2023; 17(3):201-207. [DOI:10.22074/ijfs.2022.549291.1264] [PMID]##Moshfegh F, Baharara J, Namvar F, Zafar-Balanezhad S, Amini E, Jafarzadeh L. Effects of date palm pollen on fertility and development of reproductive system in female Balb/C mice. J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2016; 5(1):23-8. [Link]##Lima LG, Santos AAMD, Gueiber TD, Gomes RZ, Martins CM, Chaikoski AC. Relation between selenium and female fertility: A systematic review. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2022; 44(7):701-709. [DOI:10.1055/s-0042-1744288] [PMID]##Safiyeh FD, Mojgan M, Parviz S, Sakineh MA, Behnaz SO. The effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on anti-Mullerian hormone and antral follicle count in infertile women with occult premature ovarian insufficiency: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2021; 56:102533. [DOI:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102533] [PMID]##Abdallah ABE, El-Ghannam MA, Hasan AA, Mohammad LG, Mesalam NM, Alsayed RM. Selenium nanoparticles modulate steroidogenesis-related genes and improve ovarian functions via regulating androgen receptors expression in polycystic ovary syndrome rat model. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023; 201(12):5721-33. [DOI:10.1007/s12011-023-03616-0] [PMID]##Jamilian M, Mansury S, Bahmani F, Heidar Z, Amirani E, Asemi Z. The effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on parameters of mental health, hormonal profiles, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Ovarian Res. 2018; 11(1):80. [DOI:10.1186/s13048-018-0457-1] [PMID]##Khalil WA, El-Harairy MA, Zeidan AEB, Hassan MAE. Impact of selenium nano-particles in semen extender on bull sperm quality after cryopreservation. Theriogenology. 2019; 126:121-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.017] [PMID]##El-Dahhar AA, Khalifa GA, El-Zaeem SY, Abdel-Rahim MM, Mourad MM. Impact of organic and nano selenium on sexual, maturation, egg, and offspring quality of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) broodstock. Sci Rep. 2026; 16(1):1342. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-29108-w] [PMID]##Mikhailova EO. 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Toxicity of repeated oral intake of organic selenium, inorganic selenium, and selenium nanoparticles: A review. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2023; 79:127235. [DOI:10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127235] [PMID]##Zadeh Modarres S, Asemi Z, Heidar Z. The effects of selenium supplementation on glycemic control, serum lipoproteins and biomarkers of oxidative stress in infertile women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022; 51:92-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.07.017] [PMID]##Mansouri Nejad F, Naghipour Hamzekolaei M, Jafarisani M, Sadeghi I. [Supplementary containing Vit E, C and Se reduced the PCOs induced oxidative stress in rat model (Persian)]. J Knowl Health Basic Med Sci. 2019; 14(2):47-52. [DOI:10.22100/jkh.v14i2.2260]##Sentkowska A, Pyrzyńska K. Antioxidant properties of selenium nanoparticles synthesized using tea and herb water extracts. Appl Sci. 2023; 13(2):1071. 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In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plant Essential Oils Against Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli 2 2 Background: Saffron (Zaeferan in Persian), known as Red Gold, is obtained from the dried stigma of the Crocus sativus L. (Iridacea) plant. It plays a critical role in non-oil exporting in the economy of Iran, and the livelihoods of many farmers and workers depend on its yields. Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) gladioli pv. gladioli causes severe reductions the saffron yield in Iran. According to responsible authorities of Iran, no pesticides are registered or recommended for saffron cultivations (except for two herbicides). Most essential oils are listed as generally recognized as safe substances and can exhibit a crucial role in exporting pesticides free saffron.  Objectives: The study aimed to identify the most effective antibacterial essential oils against B. gladioli pv. gladioli. Methods: Essential oils were extracted using a clevenger apparatus from 25 medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae, Compositae, and Apiaceae families, followed by an initial evaluation through disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and amikacin served as a negative and positive control, respectively. Results: Out of 25 essential oils, only 4 of them exhibited antibacterial effects on this pathogen including Satureja hortensis (22.66 mm inhibition), Thymus vulgaris (20.33 mm), Trachyspermum ammi (17.66 mm), and Sclerorhachis leptoclada (10.66 mm). Their MICs were 1, 2, 4, and 32 µL/mL, respectively.  Conclusion: These findings highlight promising essential oils for controlling B. gladioli, supporting pesticide-free saffron production and safeguarding Iran’s valuable crop yields. 133 140 2026/06/282025/12/122025/02/142024/10/202025/11/62026/04/252025/07/18 1404/4/27 2026/03/282026/05/122025/12/22025/11/32026/04/152026/05/122026/01/5 1404/10/15 Mahmoud Reza Karimi-shahri Mahmoud Reza Karimi-shahri Department of Plant Protection, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural & Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran. Iran m.karimishahri@areeo.ac.ir; karimi4597@gmail.com Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi Department of Plant Protection, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural & Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran. Iran rahamouz_haghighi.s@yahoo.com Arash Honarmand Arash Honarmand Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran arashhonarmand68@gmail.com Elaheh Taheri Elaheh Taheri Department of Plant Protection, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural & Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran. Iran taheri.elaheh1990@gmail.com Antibacterial activity essential oils Burkholderia gladioli Crocus sativus L. Pesticide-free crop protection Saffron Lachguer K, Boudadi I, Lachheb M, Beraouz I, El Merzougui S, Ben El Caid M, et al. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation and properties: a review. Int J Hortic Sci Technol. 2025; 12(2):627-46. [Link]##Rukšāns J, Janis J. The world of crocuses, the first supplement. Riga: The Latvian Academy of Sciences:; 2023.##Dolatyari A, Tolyat Abolhasani M, Ardalani F, Rukšāns J. A taxonomic revision of the genus Crocus (Iridaceae) in Iran. Nord. J. Bot. 2024; 2024(3):e04270. [DOI:10.1111/njb.04270]##Acharya BS, Ghale A, Hamido S, Zinati G, Bozzolo A, Archer L, et al. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): The golden spice-management, challenges, and opportunities for sustainable production in the United States. J Agric Food Res. 2025; 101970. [DOI:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101970]##Kafi M, Kamili AN, Husaini AM, Ozturk M, Altay V. An expensive spice saffron (Crocus sativus L.): A case study from Kashmir, Iran, and Turkey. In: Ozturk M, Hakeem KR, Ashraf M, Sajid Aqeel Ahmad S, editors. Global perspectives on underutilized crops. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-77776-4_4]##Cardone L, Castronuovo D, Perniola M, Cicco N, Candido V. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), the king of spices: An overview. Sci Hortic. 2020; 272:109560. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109560]##Koocheki A, Khajeh-Hosseini M. Saffron: Science, technology and health. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited; 2019. [Link]##Fiori M, Ligios V, Schiaffino A. Identification and characterization of Burkholderia isolates obtained from bacterial rot of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) grown in Italy. Phytopathol Mediterr. 2011; 50(3):450-61. [Link]##Compant S, Nowak J, Coenye T, Clement C, Barka EA. Diversity and occurrence of Burkholderia spp. in the natural environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008; 32(4):607-26. [DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00113.x] [PMID]##Stoyanova M, Hristova P, Petrov N, Moncheva P, Bogatzevska N. Method for differentiating Burkholderia gladioli pathovars. Sci Technol. 2011; 1(6):15-9. [Link]##Karimi Shahri MR, Mostafazadeh S, Yardehnavi F, Sedaghati N, Zarehhosseini H. [Molecular detection of Burkholderia gladioli in saffron fields of Khorasan Razavi Province (Persian)]. Paper presented at: 4th International and 16th Iranian National Genetics Congress; 2020 April 15; Tehran, Iran. [Link]##Mahdavi V, Eslami Z, Golmohammadi G, Tajdar-Oranj B, Keikavousi Behbahan A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Simultaneous determination of multiple pesticide residues in Iranian saffron: A probabilistic health risk assessment. J Food Compos Anal. 2021; 100:103915. [DOI:10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103915]##Cho TJ, Park SM, Yu H, Seo GH, Kim HW, Kim SA, Rhee MS. Recent advances in the application of antibacterial complexes using essential oils. Molecules. 2020; 25(7):1752. [DOI:10.3390/molecules25071752] [PMID]##Mihajilov-Krstev T, Radnović D, Kitić D, Zlatković B, Ristić M, Branković S. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. Open Life Sci. 2009; 4(3):411-6. [DOI:10.2478/s11535-009-0027-z]##Kuete V. Thymus vulgaris. In: Kuete V, editor. Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa: Therapeutic potential against metabolic, inflammatory, infectious and systemic diseases. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2017. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-809286-6.00028-5]##Mohammadi T, Pirani A, Vaezi J, Moazzeni H. A contribution to ethnobotany and review of phytochemistry and biological activities of the Iranian local endemic species Sclerorhachis leptoclada Rech. f. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2020; 20:1-18. [DOI:10.32859/era.20.45.1-18]##Gandomi H, Abbaszadeh S, Jebelli Javan A, Sharifzadeh A. Chemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidative effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil. J Food Process Preserv. 2014; 38(4):1690-5. [DOI:10.1111/jfpp.12131]##Rahamouz HS, Asadi MH, Baghizadeh A. Antiproliferative and antibacterial properties of ethanolic extract and essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi and Foeniculum vulgare seeds on gastric cancer, Artemia salina larvae and pathogenic bacteria. Ethno Pharm Product. 2021; 2(2):42-50. [Link]##Rahamouz-Haghighi S, Asadi MH, Gharari Z, Sharafi A. Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi seed ethanolic extracts: Cytotoxicity assay, in vitro toxicity on Artemia salina larvae, biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Future Nat Prod. 2022; 8(1):15-22. 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First Global Report of the Alkaloids Quebrachamine in Vinca herbacea From Northern Iran Using GC-MS 2 2 Background: Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit. (Apocynaceae) is a lesser-studied perennial species native to the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran. The genus Vinca is renowned for producing monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) with significant pharmacological properties. Quebrachamine, a bioactive indole alkaloid with vasodilatory, neuroprotective, and antioxidant activities, has been reported in other Vinca species but has never been documented in V. herbacea. Objective: This study aimed to identify and characterize the presence of quebrachamine in the aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers) of V. herbacea collected from northern Iran using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Methods: Plant samples were collected from the Baleskuh Protected Area, Tonekabon, in June 2024. Cold maceration extraction was performed separately using ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol. GC–MS analysis was conducted using an Agilent 6890–5973 system equipped with an HP-5MS column. Compound identification was established based on the Wiley and NIST spectral libraries. Results: Quebrachamine was detected exclusively in the ethanolic extracts of stems (6.18%, RT 52.04 min) and leaves (1.71%, RT 52.03 min), with spectral match qualities greater than 95%. No quebrachamine was detected in the n-propanol or n-butanol extracts, nor was it found in flower tissues, indicating a strict solvent- and organ-specific accumulation pattern. Conclusion: This constitutes the first global report of quebrachamine in V. herbacea. Its predominant presence in vegetative and photosynthetic tissues suggests active biosynthesis in the leaves and stems. These findings highlight the species as a promising natural source of bioactive alkaloids and emphasize the need for further isolation, structural confirmation, bioactivity assays, and conservation strategies—including tissue culture and domestication—for sustainable utilization. 141 148 2026/06/282025/12/122025/02/142024/10/202025/11/62026/04/252025/07/182025/12/25 1404/10/4 2026/03/282026/05/122025/12/22025/11/32026/04/152026/05/122026/01/52026/04/26 1405/2/6 Mohammad Kordkatouli Mohammad Kordkatouli Department of Genetics, TeMS.C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Iran mohammad.kordkatouli@iau.ir Mehr Ali Mahmood Janlou Mehr Ali Mahmood Janlou Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Go.C, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran. Iran mehr.janlou@gamil.com Ali Varasteh Moradi Ali Varasteh Moradi Medicinal Plants Research Center, Go.C, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran. Iran avmoradi@yahoo.com Aryan Sateei Aryan Sateei Medicinal Plants Research Center, Go.C, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran. Iran saateyi@gmail.com Iran Vinca herbacea Quebrachamine Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) World Flora Online. Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit [Internet]. 2024 [Updated 2025 December 17]. Available from: [Link]##Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit [Internet]. 2024 [Updated 2026 June 7]. Available from: [Link]##Kordkatouli M, Sateei A. The first global report on the alkaloid aspidospermidine in Vinca herbacea: A potential source of anticancer alkaloid precursors. Fut Nat Prod. 2025; 10(2):109-13. [DOI:10.34172/fnp.323]##Kordkatouli M, Sateei A, Khoshbakht T. Antitumor potential of Vinca herbacea and its molecular pathways in inhibiting cancer cell growth. Immunoregulation. 2024; 7(1):1-7. [DOI:10.32598/Immunoregulation.7.7]##Kordkatouli M, Mahmood Janlou MA, Varasteh Moradi A, Rizwan M, Sateei A, Javidi MA. The first global report of vindolinine in Vinca herbacea from the hyrcanian floristic region: GC-MS identification and potential anticancer relevance. Immunoregulation. 2025; 8(1):1-7. [DOI:10.32598/Immunoregulation.8.19]##Kordkatouli M, Moradi AV, Javidi MA, Sateei A, Dulskas A, Luniene D. First global report of alkaloids tubotaiwine and vinervine in Vinca herbacea: Potential pharmacological applications. Basic Clin Cancer Res. 2024; 16(4):180-2. [Link]##Vrabec R, Drašar P, Opletal L, Kosturko Š, Blunden G, Cahlíková L. Alkaloids from the genus Vinca L.(Apocynaceae): A comprehensive biological and structural review. Phytochem Rev. 2025; 24:3735–65. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-025-10102-z]##Neculai AM, Stanciu G, Mititelu M. Determination of active ingredients, mineral composition and antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic macerates of vinca minor l. plant from the dobrogea area. Molecules. 2023; 28(15):5667. [DOI:10.3390/molecules28155667] [PMID]##Koohsari H, Kordkatouli M, Sateei A, Janlou MA. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of terminalia chebula against β-lactam-resistant kelebsiella pneumoniae. Immunoregulation.2024; 7(1):1-7. [DOI:10.32598/Immunoregulation.7.13]##Mahmood Janlou MA, Kordkatouli M, Sateei A, Koohsari H. Gc-Ms-based phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of terminalia chebula extract against gastrointestinal pathogens resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. J Patient Saf Qual Improv. 2025; 13(3):169-78. [DOI:10.22038/psj.2025.89635.1477]##Rakhimov DA, Sharipov MR, Aripov KN, Malikov VM, Shakirov TT, Yunusov SY. The polybuffer separation of the alkaloids of Vinca erecta. Chem Nat Comp. 1970; 6(6):724-7. [DOI:10.1007/BF00565343]##Mokrý J, Kompiš I, Spiteller G. Alkaloids from Vinca minor L. XX. Further minor alkaloids. Collect Czechoslovak Commun. 1967; 32(7):2523-31. [DOI:10.1135/cccc19672523]## ##