Oncogenic Potential of John Cunningham Virus (JCV) in Human Infection and Cancer Development 2 2 Background: The John Cunningham virus (JCV), a prevalent and asymptomatic virus, can cause neurological complications, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised individuals. Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, with 10-15% of human cancers linked to viral infections, making JCV a significant tumor-inducing virus. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the biology of JCV, its infection mechanisms, and the pathways that may facilitate tumorigenesis. Methods: This narrative review employed a systematic approach to literature retrieval. Searches were conducted across major electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant publications up to early 2025. The search scope included a wide range of study designs, such as original research, reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports. The search strategy utilized a combination of the following key terms: “John Cunningham virus” OR “JCV”, “JC virus”, “oncogenesis” OR “oncogenic”, “cancer development”, “infection”, and “human neoplasms.” Results: The findings indicate that JCV disrupts key cellular pathways, including p53 and retinoblastoma protein (pRB) pathways, and its genomic integration into host DNA suggests its oncogenic potential. Its mechanisms include alterations in cell cycle control and Wnt signaling, promotion of cell proliferation, and potential interaction with β-catenin, leading to various cancers. Conclusion: A better understanding of virus-related carcinogenesis could provide new targets for developing viral therapies that address not only viral infections but also cancer. 1 8 2025/05/1 1404/2/11 2025/12/2 1404/9/11 Abolfazl Jafari-Sales Abolfazl Jafari-Sales Department of Microbiology, Kaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran. Iran a.jafari_1392@yahoo.com Kosar Hosseini-Karkaj Kosar Hosseini-Karkaj Infectious Diseases Research Center, TaMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran kosar22hosseini@gmail.com Mehrdad Pashazadeh Mehrdad Pashazadeh Infectious Diseases Research Center, TaMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Iran mehrdadpashazadeh85@gmail.com John Cunningham virus (JCV) Polyomavirus Oncogenes Retinoblastoma protein (pRB) Takahashi K, Sekizuka T, Fukumoto H, Nakamichi K, Suzuki T, Sato Y, et al. Deep-sequence identification and role in virus replication of a JC virus quasispecies in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. 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Gastro-retentive Drug Delivery Systems Based on Pectin: An Overview 2 2 Background: Controlled drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release therapeutic agents in a regulated manner to maintain consistent plasma drug concentrations. Among these systems, gastro-retentive DDS (GRDDS) have gained considerable attention due to their ability to prolong gastric residence time, thereby enhancing drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy for drugs absorbed primarily in the stomach or upper gastrointestinal tract. Objectives: This review aimed to critically examine the role of pectin-based polymers in the development of GRDDS, with particular emphasis on formulation strategies using high- and low-methoxylated pectins. Results: Pectin, a naturally derived polysaccharide, is widely utilized in pharmaceutical formulations owing to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxic nature, and excellent gel-forming capacity. Based on its degree of methoxylation (DM), pectin is classified into high-methoxylated and low-methoxylated forms, each exhibiting distinct physicochemical and functional properties. Low-methoxylated pectin has been extensively explored in floating DDS due to its calcium-dependent gelation behavior. In contrast, high-methoxylated pectin demonstrates strong mucoadhesive properties, making it suitable for mucoadhesive gastro-retentive formulations. Comparative studies with other natural polymers highlight the versatility of pectin in GRDDS design. Conclusion: Pectin-based gastro-retentive formulations represent a promising and sustainable approach for controlled drug delivery. Understanding the distinct characteristics of high- and low-methoxylated pectin enables the rational design of effective GRDDS, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. 9 26 2025/05/12025/09/24 1404/7/2 2025/12/22026/02/14 1404/11/25 Aeman Anis Aeman Anis School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, India. India mdanisakhter5@gmail.com Arpan Das Arpan Das BCDA College of Pharmacy and Technology, Kolkata, India. India arpandas13733@gmail.com Moumita Das Kirtania Moumita Das Kirtania BCDA College of Pharmacy and Technology, Kolkata, India. India mmtdas@gmail.com Laboni Das Laboni Das School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, India. India laboni.d@technoindiaeducation.com Gopa Roy Biswas Gopa Roy Biswas School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, India. India goparoy2020@gmail.com Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) Controlled drug delivery Pectin-based polymers High-methoxylated pectin Low-methoxylated pectin Floating DDS Mucoadhesive formulations Adepu S, Ramakrishna S. Controlled drug delivery systems: Current status and future directions. Molecules. 2021; 26(19):5905. [DOI:10.3390/molecules26195905] [PMID] ##Raj RM, Raj V. Polymers in drug delivery and targeting. In: Mozafari M, Singh Chauhan NP, editors. Handbook of polymers in medicine. Delhi: Woodhead Publishing; 2023. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-823797-7.00022-8]##Tripathi J, Thapa P, Maharjan R, Jeong SH. Current state and future perspectives on gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(4):193. [DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics11040193] [PMID] ##Lou J, Duan H, Qin Q, Teng Z, Gan F, Zhou X, et al. Advances in oral drug delivery systems: Challenges and opportunities. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(2):484-4. 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Preparation and evaluation of floating drug delivery system (fdds) containing an antiviral drug. J Innov Appl Pharm Sci. 2023; 8(3-S):105-9. [DOI:10.37022/jiaps.v8i3-s.534]##Mehmood Y, Bashir I, Majeed I, Siddiqui A, Aslam R. Swelling system of GRDDs: A novel move towards gastroretentive drug delivery system. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014; 3(12):97-110. [Link]##Hua S. Advances in oral drug delivery for regional targeting in the gastrointestinal tract-Influence of physiological, pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11:524. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.00524] [PMID] ##Fateh MV, Kumar V, Chaudhary R, Ujjwal V. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system for treatment of ulcer. Int J Agricult Invent. 2019; 3(2):203-10. [DOI:10.46492/ijai/2018.3.2.18]##Mandal UK, Chatterjee B, Senjoti FG. Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems and their in vivo success: A recent update. Asian J Pharmaceutical Sci. 2016; 11(5):575-84. 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Atorvastatin Mitigates Cisplatin-induced Genotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Human Lymphocytes: Insights From the Micronucleus Assay 2 2 Background: Cisplatin (Cis), an alkylating antineoplastic agent, is commonly used to treat bladder, ovarian, and testicular cancers. Prolonged use can lead to genotoxicity, potentially mediated by oxidative stress. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of atorvastatin (Atv) against Cis-induced genotoxicity in cultured human lymphocytes. Methods: Peripheral lymphocytes were divided into four groups: control, Cis (12 μM), Atv combined with Cis (50, 100, 1000 μM), and Atv alone (1000 μM). Micronucleus (MN) frequency was assessed as a marker of chromosomal damage, while glutathione (GSH) levels and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured to evaluate oxidative stress. Results: Cis treatment significantly increased MN frequency and LPO levels and reduced GSH compared with the control group (P<0.05). Co-treatment with Atv markedly ameliorated MN formation and oxidative stress markers, restoring GSH levels toward baseline. Notably, the protective effect was most pronounced at 50 μM Atv, consistent with a hormetic antioxidant response. Higher concentrations (100–1000 μM) did not further enhance antioxidant effects, likely due to saturation of cellular uptake or mild redox imbalance. Conclusion: Cis induces genotoxicity in human lymphocytes primarily through oxidative stress mechanisms. Atv effectively mitigates this genotoxicity by restoring redox homeostasis and enhancing chromosomal protection, with an optimal protective effect observed at intermediate concentrations. These findings suggest that Atv may have therapeutic potential to counteract Cis-induced cellular damage and support further investigation into its adjunctive use in chemotherapy. 27 36 2025/05/12025/09/242025/01/27 1403/11/8 2025/12/22026/02/142025/12/13 1404/9/22 Mohammad Shokrzadeh Mohammad Shokrzadeh Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran mslamuk@yahoo.com Mona Modanloo Mona Modanloo Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran dr_modanloo@yahoo.com Mina Fasihbeiki Mina Fasihbeiki Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran mina.fasih5726@gmail.com Ehsan Zamani Ehsan Zamani Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. 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Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Plantago lanceolata Root Petroleum Ether and Aqueous Extracts 2 2 Background: Plantago lanceolata L., a perennial plant of the Plantaginaceae family, is widely distributed across various regions. It is used globally for multiple purposes, including medicinal treatments, food additives, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical profile of root extracts of P. lanceolata. Methods: Antibacterial activity was assessed using petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of P. lanceolata roots. The antibacterial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and microtiter broth dilution assays to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Additionally, the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were evaluated by culturing the samples on agar media. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was also employed to identify the chemical constituents present in the extracts. Results: The petroleum ether extract exhibited the strongest antimicrobial effect, producing an inhibition zone of 15.50 mm against Proteus vulgaris (PTCC 1182). The lowest MIC of 2 mg/mL was observed for both P. vulgaris and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778) with this extract, while minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values confirmed effectiveness at 3 mg/mL. Chemical analysis revealed that hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (16.15%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (5.03%) were the predominant compounds in the petroleum ether extract. In contrast, the aqueous extract contained major artifactual components, such as 3-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyloxirane (30.78%). Conclusion: P. lanceolata roots show promise as a natural antibacterial agent with potential applications across pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and medicinal industries. The antibacterial efficacy of the extracts is supported by the identification of active compounds through GC-MS analysis. 37 48 2025/05/12025/09/242025/01/272025/06/29 1404/4/8 2025/12/22026/02/142025/12/132026/01/5 1404/10/15 Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi Samaneh Rahamouz-Haghighi Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran. Iran rahamouz_haghighi.s@yahoo.com Disc diffusion method Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Microtiter broth dilution Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) Plantago lanceolata Ribwort plantain Abate L, Bachheti RK, Tadesse MG, Bachheti A. Ethnobotanical uses, chemical constituents, and application of Plantago lanceolata L. J Chem. 2022; 2022:1532031. [DOI:10.1155/2022/1532031]##Pol M, Schmidtke K, Lewandowska S. Plantago lanceolata-An overview of its agronomically and healing valuable features. Open Agric. 2021; 6(1):479-88. [DOI:10.1515/opag-2021-0035]##Pandita D, Pandita A, Pandita S. 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An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in high mountainous region of Chail valley (District Swat-Pakistan). J ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2014; 10:1-18. [DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-10-36] [PMID] ##Mazzutti S, Riehl CA, Ibañez E, Ferreira SR. Green-based methods to obtain bioactive extracts from Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata. J Supercrit Fluids. 2017; 119:211-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.supflu.2016.09.018]##Rahamouz-Haghighi S, Bagheri K, Mohsen-Pour N, Sharafi A. Quantitative determination of apigenin, catalpol, and gallic acid in total extracts from different parts of Plantago species by high-performance liquid chromatography. Avicenna J Pharm Res. 2021; 2(2):49-54. [DOI:10.34172/ajpr.2021.10]##Rahamooz-Haghighi S, Bagheri K, Danafar H, Sharafi A. Anti-Proliferative properties, biocompatibility, and chemical composition of different extracts of plantago major medicinal plant. Iran Biomed J. 2021; 25(2):106-16. 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Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Biosynthesized Iron (III) Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized by Luffa cylindrica Extract 2 2 Background: The search for environmentally friendly nanomaterials with strong antimicrobial activity has generated growing interest in using plants to produce nanoparticles. Objectives: This study aimed to biosynthesize and characterize iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles stabilized by Luffa cylindrica extract and assess their antimicrobial properties. Methods: The biosynthesized Fe2O3 nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to elucidate their optical, structural, morphological, and elemental properties. Results: The formation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was confirmed by standard absorbance at 370 nm and functional groups attributed to the capping and stabilization observed via FTIR. XRD patterns showed a crystalline rhombohedral phase, and SEM images indicated that the nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed with diameters of 20-50 nm. Nanoparticle efficacy was tested using the agar well diffusion method against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains and fungal pathogens. The results revealed substantial dose-dependent antimicrobial activity, with greater inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, indicating potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of L. cylindrica-mediated Fe2O3 nanoparticles as sustainable and effective antimicrobial agents with potential application in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and environmental fields. 49 60 2025/05/12025/09/242025/01/272025/06/292025/08/8 1404/5/17 2025/12/22026/02/142025/12/132026/01/52026/01/5 1404/10/15 Azaki Gideon Philip Azaki Gideon Philip Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Nigeria azakigideon@gmail.com Adamu Makanta Salihu Adamu Makanta Salihu Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Nigeria a.salihu@futminna.edu.ng Fadipe Labake Ajoke Fadipe Labake Ajoke Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Nigeria labake.fadipe@futminna.edu.ng Shaba Elijah Yanda Shaba Elijah Yanda Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Nigeria elijah.shaba@futminna.edu.ng Agbai Uche Timothy Agbai Uche Timothy Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, United States. United States ekoyanuche111@gmail.com James Daniel James Daniel Wuhan Institute of Virology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. China jamesonykachi084@gmail.com Suleiman Rahmat Suleiman Rahmat Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Nigeria suleimanrahmat67@futminna.edu.ng Iron oxides Nanoparticles Plant extracts Antibacterial agents Biological products Takahashi K, Sekizuka T, Fukumoto H, Nakamichi K, Suzuki T, Sato Y, et al. 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Exploring the Ethical Dimensions of Telepharmacy in Iran: A Focus Group Discussion Study 2 2 Background: Telepharmacy is the use of telecommunication technology to remotely provide pharmacy services, such as medication review, drug therapy monitoring, and patient counseling. It is particularly important for individuals who are physically or geographically isolated from pharmacies, such as those living in rural areas or with disabilities. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of telepharmacy has increased dramatically. However, the use of technology without considering its ethical dimensions can have negative consequences. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the ethical dimensions of telepharmacy through focus group discussion (FGD). Methods: In this study, 15 experienced and knowledgeable pharmacists in the field of telepharmacy were selected and engaged in focused group discussions in three five-person sessions lasting 60-90 minutes. Subsequently, the ethical concerns raised by the participants about telepharmacy services were extracted and analyzed. After data analysis, results on the ethical dimensions of telepharmacy and suggested strategies to address these issues were reported. Results: After a thorough analysis of the participants’ comments, we identified 10 general themes and their subcategories related to the ethical dimensions of telepharmacy. Throughout the discussions, we identified that the most controversial themes were broadly classified into four key ethical dimensions: patient-pharmacist relationship, privacy and data, impersonal care, and access disparities. Conclusion: Based on focus-group data from practicing pharmacists in Iran, we identified three empirically grounded ethical priorities for clinical telepharmacy: protecting the therapeutic pharmacist–patient relationship, ensuring data privacy and security, and clarifying professional liability. We recommend standardized informed-consent templates, platform security certification, and regulatory guidance to address these priorities. 61 70 2025/05/12025/09/242025/01/272025/06/292025/08/82025/11/10 1404/8/19 2025/12/22026/02/142025/12/132026/01/52026/01/52026/01/28 1404/11/8 Elnaz Zoghi Elnaz Zoghi Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran elnaz.zoghii@gmail.com Saeed Mohammad Soleymani Saeed Mohammad Soleymani Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mamsoloni@gmail.com Hadi Esmaily Hadi Esmaily Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran esmaily_hadi@sbmu.ac.ir Telepharmacy Telemedicine Ethics Pharmacy Kimber MB, Peterson GM. Telepharmacy-enabling technology to provide quality pharmacy services in rural and remote communities. 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