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Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Multifaceted Applications: A Review Study 2 2 Background: Nanotechnology, specially, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has successively revolutionized many aspects of biomedical and industrial practices due to their distinct physiochemical and functional characteristics. Nonetheless, traditional methods of synthesis typically create toxic wastes and threaten the environmental safety. Green synthesis has since been developed as a sustainable solution, utilizing biological entities, including plants, bacteria, and fungi, in an environmentally-friendly way to produce NPs.  Objectives: This work critically examine green synthesis methodologies to determine the biological processes, and evaluate their effects on the quality of NPs, their bioactivity, and use in medical and industrial practice. Methods: Google Scholar and PubMed were used for the literature review till April 30, 2025. The used keywords were “metallic nanoparticles,” “metal ions,” “green synthesis,” “bacteria,” “fungi,” and “plant.” The development of the manuscript was based on full-length research and review articles, which describe the rationale, technologies, methods and basic principles of “green chemistry.” Results: The analysis of green methods of synthesizing NPs showed that it is possible to produce metal NPs (e.g. Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Pd, Se) of controlled size and shape consistently. The biogenic sources were found to be reliably able to generate sufficiently pure and monodisperse particles and protocols. These NPs have potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer efficacies. Also, the improved techniques of biodistribution evaluation suggest that they could be used in the medical field. Conclusion: The review confirmed various strategies researchers have performed to manufacture metallic NPs using green synthesis method.  277 298 2025/07/18 1404/4/27 2025/11/29 1404/9/8 Ankush Banalia Ankush Banalia Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India. India ankushbanalia8@gmail.com Dinesh Puri Dinesh Puri Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India. India puridinesh105@gmail.com Bacteria Fungi Green synthesis Metallic Nanoparticles (NPs) Metal ions Plant Tsekhmistrenko SI, Bityutskyy VS, Tsekhmistrenko OS, Horalskyi LP, Tymoshok NO, Spivak MY. Bacterial synthesis of nanoparticles: A green approach. Biosyst Divers. 2020; 28(1):9-17. [Link]##Bordiwala RV. Green synthesis and Applications of Metal Nanoparticles.- A Review Article. Results Chem. 2023; 5:100832. [DOI:10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100832]##Dikshit P, Kumar J, Das A, Sadhu S, Sharma S, Singh S, et al. 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From Beneficial to Pathogenic: Transformation of Our Gut Microbiota by Antibiotics 2 2 Background: The gut microbiome highlights the significance of understanding the relationship between antibiotic use and microbial alterations. This knowledge is crucial for the current health status and future medical practices.  Objectives: This review examines the effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota, emphasizing the significant changes in microbial composition resulting from their use. Methods: Relevant articles published until February 2025 were retreived from Medical databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using keywords, such as “antibiotics,” “gut microbiota,” “dysbiosis,” “antibiotic resistance,” and “microbial diversity.” Results: Antibiotics profoundly disrupt the microbiota balance, potentially leading to chronic diseases and metabolic changes. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, can arise from factors like diet and antibiotic exposure, reducing microbial diversity and promoting pathogenic species over beneficial ones. Clinically, dysbiosis is linked to increased risks of autoimmune disorders, obesity, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Specific antibiotics, including amoxicillin and levofloxacin, exhibit varying effects on gut microbiota. Dietary interventions are suggested to restore beneficial bacteria and enhance gut health. Further research should explore the long-term consequences of antibiotic use on gut health and emphasize developing effective recovery strategies. Conclusion: The main conclusion of this review is that antibiotics dramatically reduce gut microbial diversity and balance and accelerate dysbiosis, which is associated with long-term health risks that requires nutritional and therapeutic strategies to restore microbial balance. 299 310 2025/07/182025/07/16 1404/4/25 2025/11/292025/11/3 1404/8/12 Ameneh Omidi Ameneh Omidi Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran a.omidi@modares.ac.ir; amenehomidi86@gmail.com Maedeh Hasanzadeh Bafghi Maedeh Hasanzadeh Bafghi Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran DABIR_YALDA@YAHOO.COM Kobra Shirani Kobra Shirani Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 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Facile Biosynthesis of Gold Nanostructures Using Aqueous Extracts of Scutellaria multicaulis and Heracleum persicum Stems and H. persicum Fruits, and their Cytotoxicity Against Breast Cancer Cells 2 2 Background: The introduction of highly specific drug nanoparticles (NPs) into cancer cells has demonstrated a broad therapeutic potential with diminished toxicity. Hence, the synthesis of nanoparticles has garnered significant interest among researchers Objectives: This study presents an eco-friendly method for synthesizing gold NPs (AuNPs) using Scutellaria multicaulis and Heracleum persicum stem extracts, Sanguisorba officinalis root, and H. persicum fruit extracts, and evaluates their anticancer effects. Methods: The characterization of AuNPs was studied using UV–visible, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light-scattering (DLS), Zeta potential (ZP), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of AuNPs were evaluated using colorimetric analysis. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and apoptosis assays were used to assay their cytotoxic potential.  Results: The absorption peaks were between 535 and 545 nm. FE-SEM and EDX analyses revealed that the AuNPs were oval in shape with a crystal size of 10-30 nm. XRD data showed the crystal structures of AuNPs to be 7.41, 7.61, 7.61, and 7.84 nm for stems of S. multicaulis (Sm-S)-AuNPs, stems of H. persicum (Hp-S)-AuNPs, roots of S. officinalis (So-R)-AuNPs, and fruits of H. persicum (Hp-F)-AuNPs, respectively. FT-IR suggested that elements such as phenolics, aromatic compounds, and proteins played a role in the reduction and stabilization of AuNPs. The mean size of AuNPs was ascertained using a Zetasizer, with measurements of 60.46, 41.2, 51, and 50.27 nm for Sm-S-AuNPs, Hp-S-AuNPs, So-R-AuNPs, and Hp-F-AuNPs, respectively. ZP analysis showed that AuNPs are negatively charged, indicating good dispersion stability. AuNPs had a high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and exhibited strong inhibitory effects on MDA-MB231 cell proliferation. Sm-S-AuNPs demonstrated anticancer effects in vitro by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Conclusion: Overall, the results affirm the potential of the examined plant extract as a viable raw biomaterial for the synthesis of biologically active AuNPs. These could be instrumental in developing novel antitumor agents to combat breast cancer. 311 330 2025/07/182025/07/162025/04/30 1404/2/10 2025/11/292025/11/32025/09/30 1404/7/8 Zahra Gharari Zahra Gharari Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran z.gharari@alzahra.ac.ir Hanie Sadeghinia Hanie Sadeghinia Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran h.sadeghinia@yahoo.com Parichehr Hanachi Parichehr Hanachi Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Iran p.hanachi@alzahra.ac.ir Anticancer Antioxidant Apoptosis Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) Green synthesis Deivayanai VC, Thamarai P, Karishma S, Saravanan A, Yaashikaa PR, Vickram AS, et al. Advances in nanoparticle-mediated cancer therapeutics: Current research and future perspectives. 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Aspergillus flavus-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antibacterial, anti-candida, acaricides, and photocatalytic activities. Catalysts. 2022; 12(5):462. [Link]##TYAl-Abdullah Z, AL-SHAWI AA, Aboud MN, Al Abdul Aziz B, Al-Furaiji HQM, Luaibi IN. Synthesis and analytical characterization of gold nanoparticles using microwave-assisted extraction system and study their application in degradation. J Nanostruct. 2020; 10(4):682-90. [Link]##Kanchi S, Kumar G, Lo AY, Tseng CM, Chen SK, Lin CY, et al. Exploitation of de-oiled jatropha waste for gold nanoparticles synthesis: A green approach. Arab J Chem. 2018; 11(2):247-55. [Link]##Muddapur UM, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Mahnashi MH, Alshahrani MA, Khan AA, et al. Plant-based synthesis of gold nanoparticles and theranostic applications: A review. Molecules. 2022; 27(4):1391. [DOI:10.3390/molecules27041391] [PMID]##Asariha M, Kiaie SH, Izadi S, Pirhayati FH, Fouladi M, Gholamhosseinpour M. 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Albumin Utilization Evaluation in a Teaching University Hospital in Iran 2 2 Background: Human albumin solution (HAS) is an expensive colloidal preparation that is commonly used in clinical practice. Given the high cost of albumin and its rising worldwide use, it is imperative to establish a practical protocol to improve the rational use of albumin products. This study aimed to identify albumin utilization patterns in a teaching hospital and to demonstrate the importance of revisiting strategies for albumin administration. Objectives: This study aimed to identify albumin utilization patterns in a teaching hospital and to demonstrate the importance of revisiting strategies for albumin administration. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between March 20, 2023, and March 19, 2024, at Imam Khomeini Educational Hospital, an affiliated hospital of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari City, Iran. All albumin forms completed during the study period were enrolled for appropriateness evaluation in accordance with the protocol developed by the Iranian Food and Drug Administration. Results: In 82 patients (32.1%), serum albumin levels were greater than 2.5 g/dL at the time of albumin administration, of which 56% were above the recommended cut-off for the indication. Among 313 albumin prescriptions, in 7 cases (2.3%), albumin administration was not based on any official indication listed in the protocol. Albumin level less than 2.5 g/dL for 3 days (25.4%), ascites or generalized edema (24.4%), and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) (13%) were the most common reasons for albumin administration. The daily albumin dose ranged from 1 vial of 20% to 5 vials, averaging 19 g/d. Only one patient (0.3%) had the duration of albumin treatment stated, and no patient had their albumin levels rechecked 72 hours after administration. Conclusion: This study showed significant deviations from the albumin prescription protocol. Some aspects of albumin prescribing, including the minimum cut-off for starting albumin, the duration of use, and rechecking the albumin level, were not adequately considered by physicians. These findings highlight a more sophisticated focus on albumin prescribing in an attempt to minimize the irrational prescription of this expensive and valuable drug. 331 338 2025/07/182025/07/162025/04/302025/08/18 1404/5/27 2025/11/292025/11/32025/09/302025/11/3 1404/8/12 Ebrahim Salehifar Ebrahim Salehifar Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Herbal Medicines and Metabolic Disorders, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran Esalehifar@mazums.ac.ir Zahra Bagherzadegan Zahra Bagherzadegan Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Emam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran ph.emam@gmail.com Shahram Ala Shahram Ala Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Herbal Medicines and Metabolic Disorders, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran Sh204ala@gmail.com Sima Ramezaninejad Sima Ramezaninejad Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Iran Sima.ramezaninejad@gmail.com Albumin Albumin guideline Drug utilization evaluation Caraceni P, Domenicali M, Tovoli A, Napoli L, Ricci CS, Tufoni M, et al. Clinical indications for the albumin use: Still a controversial issue. Eur J Intern Med. 2013; 24(8):721-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejim.2013.05.015] [PMID]##Mirici-Cappa F, Caraceni P, Domenicali M, Gelonesi E, Benazzi B, Zaccherini G, et al. How albumin administration for cirrhosis impacts on hospital albumin consumption and expenditure. World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17(30):3479-86. [DOI:10.3748/wjg.v17.i30.3479] [PMID]##Bachhav SS, Kshirsagar NA. Systematic review of drug utilization studies & the use of the drug classification system in the WHO-SEARO region. Indian J Med Res. 2015; 142(2):120-9. [DOI:10.4103/0971-5916.164223] [PMID]##WHO. WHO medicines strategy: Framework for action in essential drugs and medicines policy 2000-2003. Geneva: WHO; 2000. [Link]##Kazemi Y, Hadavand N, Hayatshahi A, Torkamandi H, Gholami K, Hadjibabaie M, et al. Albumin utilization in a teaching hospital in Tehran: Time to revise the prescribing strategies. J Pharm Care. 2015; 1(4):127-32. [Link]##Rothschild MA, Oratz M, Schreiber SS. Serum albumin. Hepatology. 1988; 8(2):385-401. [DOI:10.1002/hep.1840080234] [PMID] ##Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccoli P, Rossettias G; Italian Society of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology (SIMTI). Recommendations for the use of albumin and immunoglobulins. Blood Transfus. 2009; 7(3):216-34. [DOI:10.2450/2009.0094-09] [PMID]##Shahbazi Khamas S, Mirbagheri I, Dehnadi Moghadam A, Jafari A, Ashouri A. Evaluation of albumin utilization in a major teaching hospital in Iran before and after guideline implementation. J Pharm Care. 2021; 9(2):67-73. [Link]##Javan-Noughabi J, Parnian E, Hajiesmaeili M, Salehiniya H, Setoodehzadeh F. The impact of a guideline to prevent inappropriate albumin administration in a hospital in Iran. Br J Heal Care Manag. 2020; 26(10):1-7. [Link]##Zolfagharian F, Ghazanfari S, Elyasi S, Iraji P, Saberi MR, Vahdati-Mashhadian N, et al. Drug utilization evaluation of albumin in a teaching hospital of Mashhad, Iran: An interventional pre-post design study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017; 39(4):704-11. [DOI:10.1007/s11096-017-0458-y] [PMID]##Dastan F, Jamaati H, Emami H, Haghgoo R, Eskandari R, Hashemifard SS, et al. Reducing inappropriate utilization of albumin: the value of pharmacist-led intervention model. Iran J Pharm Res. 2018; 17(3):1125-9. [PMID]##Farasatinasab M, Amouzegar A, Safari S, Ghanbari B, Darkahian M, Emami S, et al. Albumin utilization evaluation in a major teaching hospital in Iran: Recommendations for guideline development. J Res Pharm Pract. 2018; 7(3):157-63. [DOI:10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_18_4] [PMID]##Lyu PF, Hockenberry JM, Gaydos LM, Howard DH, Buchman TG, Murphy DJ. Impact of a sequential intervention on albumin utilization in critical care. Crit Care Med. 2016; 44(7):1307-13. [DOI:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001638] [PMID]##Ishida TS, Sakai MC, de Melo DO. The Appropriate use of human albumin in a Brazilian university hospital: Therapeutic indication and dosage regimen. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2018; 54 (4). [DOI:10.1590/s2175-97902018000418008]##Buckley MS, Knutson KD, Agarwal SK, Lansburg JM, Wicks LM, Saggar RC, et al. Clinical pharmacist-led impact on inappropriate albumin use and costs in the critically Ill. Ann Pharmacother. 2020; 54(2):105-12. [DOI:10.1177/1060028019877471] [PMID]##Chiatti C, Bustacchini S, Furneri G, Mantovani L, Cristiani M, Misuraca C, et al. The economic burden of inappropriate drug prescribing, lack of adherence and compliance, adverse drug events in older people: A systematic review. Drug Saf. 2012; 35(Suppl 1):73-87. [DOI:10.1007/BF03319105] [PMID]##Noormandi A, Karimzadeh I, Mirjalili M, Khalili H. Clinical and economic impacts of clinical pharmacists' interventions in Iran: A systematic review. Daru. 2019; 27(1):361-78. [DOI:10.1007/s40199-019-00245-8] [PMID]##Yu YT, Liu J, Hu B, Wang RL, Yang XH, Shang XL, et al. Expert consensus on the use of human serum albumin in critically ill patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2021; 134(14):1639-54. [DOI:10.1097/CM9.0000000000001661] [PMID]##Gatta A, Verardo A, Bolognesi M. Hypoalbuminemia. Intern Emerg Med. 2012; 7(Suppl 3):193-9. [DOI:10.1007/s11739-012-0802-0] [PMID]##Margarson MP, Soni N. Serum albumin: Touchstone or totem? Anaesthesia. 1998; 53(8):789-803. [DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00438.x] [PMID]##Aramwit P, Kasettratat N. Evaluation of serum albumin utilization in inpatient at a private hospital in Bangkok. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2004; 124(9):631-4. [DOI:10.1248/yakushi.124.631] [PMID]##Talasaz AH, Jahangard-Rafsanjani Z, Ziaie S, Fahimi F. Evaluation of the pattern of human albumin utilization at a university affiliated hospital. Arch Iran Med. 2012; 15(2):85-7. [PMID]##Delaney AP, Dan A, McCaffrey J, Finfer S. The role of albumin as a resuscitation fluid for patients with sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2011; 39(2):386-91. [DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181ffe217] [PMID]##Abedi F, Zarei B, Elyasi S. Albumin: A comprehensive review and practical guideline for clinical use. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2024; 80(8):1151-69. [DOI:10.1007/s00228-024-03664-y] [PMID]##Jahangard Rafsanjani Z, Javadi MR, Torkamandi H, Alahyari S, Hajhossein Talasaz A, Gholami K, et al. The evaluation of albumin utilization in a teaching university hospital in Iran. Iran J Pharm Res. 2011; 10(2):385-90. [PMID]##Shafiee E, Rezaee H, Entezari-Maleki T, Hamishehkar H. The evaluation of albumin use in an Iranian University hospital. Pharma Sci. 2016; 22(3):186–9. [DOI:10.15171/PS.2016.29]##Farsad BF, Hadavand N, Masumi S, Salehi H. Albumin utilization review to evaluate the efficacy and cost, perform as a qualitative study in special wards in Shaheed Rajaei cardiovascular, medical &research center. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 2016; 13(3):1469-77. [Link]##Ibrahim DM, Shawki MA, Solayman MH, Sabri NA. The impact of clinical pharmacist implemented protocol on albumin utilization and cost in an Intensive Care Unit in Egypt. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13:825048. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.825048] [PMID]## ##

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Drug and Chemical Poisoning: A Cross-sectional Study 2 2 Background: Poisonings are a major medical emergency, contributing to 15-20% of hospital visits. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), defined by acute hypoxemia and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, presents significant challenges in diagnosis and management.  Objectives: This study investigates the incidence of ARDS in patients with drug and chemical poisoning hospitalized at Shah Vali Hospital in Yazd City, and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Taft City, Iran from 2014 to 2023. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study involving patients with drug and chemical poisoning presenting to the emergency departments of the two hospitals. After obtaining ethical approval, we reviewed medical records of eligible patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 25, presenting qualitative data as frequencies and percentages, and quantitative data as Mean±SD. The chi-square test assessed statistical significance, with P<0.05 deemed significant. Results: Our analysis included 61 patients, comprising 77% men and 23% women, with a mean age of 46.1 years and an average hospitalization duration of 9.7 days. The primary cause of poisoning was suicide, accounting for 49.2% of cases, predominantly through oral ingestion (96.7%). Methadone was identified as the most common poisoning agent. Notably, 68.9% of patients had a history of addiction, and 27.9% required dialysis, while sepsis was present in 31.1% of cases. Among patients with ARDS, 21.3% had pre-existing pulmonary conditions. Elevated urea and creatinine levels were observed in 85.2% of cases, and metabolic acidosis was noted in all patients. Seizures occurred in 32.8% of individuals, with an overall mortality rate of 59%. Although no significant differences in mortality were associated with addiction history (P=0.310), a strong correlation was found with the type of poisoning agents (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study found 59% mortality rate among ARDS patients due to drug and chemical poisoning, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies. A significant proportion of cases were involved with addiction, primarily to methadone, yet no mortality correlation with addiction was observed. The findings underscore the complexities of treating ARDS in the context of poisoning, necessitating a diverse approach to improve patient outcomes. 339 346 2025/07/182025/07/162025/04/302025/08/182024/11/14 1403/8/24 2025/11/292025/11/32025/09/302025/11/32025/08/16 1404/5/25 Saeed Ghorbani Saeed Ghorbani Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran dr.sa.ghorbani@gmail.com Hamid Owliaey Hamid Owliaey Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran hamid.owliaey@gmail.com Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Iran komeil.aghazade@gmail.com Fatemeh Razavi Fatemeh Razavi Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran fatmarazavi0@gmail.com Navid Rostami Navid Rostami School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran navidd.rostamii@gmail.com Sareh Rafatmagham Sareh Rafatmagham Department of Internal Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. Iran Niloofarderavi@yahoo.com Hamid Reza Ghasemirad Hamid Reza Ghasemirad Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran hr.ghasemirad@yahoo.com Fatemeh Mahdizadeh Gazoui Fatemeh Mahdizadeh Gazoui Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran mdzdf962@gmail.com Mehrdad Kiasi Mehrdad Kiasi Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran kiasimehrdad@gmail.com Mohsen Jabbari Mohsen Jabbari Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Mo.jabbari75@gmail.com Khashayar Moravej Khashayar Moravej Faculty of Dentistry, Is.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Khashayarmoravej@hotmail.com Rouzina Shabani Rouzina Shabani Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Rozhina.shabani@icloud.com Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Drug poisoning Chemical poisoning Mehrpour O, Akbari A, Jahani F, Amirabadizadeh A, Allahyari E, Mansouri B, et al. Epidemiological and clinical profiles of acute poisoning in patients admitted to the intensive care unit in eastern Iran (2010 to 2017). BMC Emerg Med. 2018; 18(1):30. [DOI:10.1186/s12873-018-0181-6] [PMID]##Ghasempoori K, Sharifi V, Hatami M. [Epidemiology of Acute Poisoning in Patients Admitted to Qaemshahr Razi Hospital, Iran, 2014 (Persian)]. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2016; 26(143):247-51. [Link]##Alinejad S, Zamani N, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O. A Narrative Review of Acute Adult Poisoning in Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 2017; 42(4):327-46. [PMID]##Jayakrishnan B, Al Asmi A, Al Qassabi A, Nandhagopal R, Mohammed I. Acute drug overdose: Clinical profile, etiologic spectrum and determinants of duration of intensive medical treatment. Oman Med J. 2012; 27(6):501-4. [DOI:10.5001/omj.2012.120] [PMID]##Aghabiklooei A, Shadnia S, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Zamani N. Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by methadone syrup. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2013; 64(3):439-43. [DOI:10.2478/10004-1254-64-2013-2347] [PMID]##Ramadori GP. Organophosphorus poisoning: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiac failure as cause of death in hospitalized patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(7):6658. [DOI:10.3390/ijms24076658] [PMID]##Raghavendran K, Napolitano LM. Definition of ALI/ARDS. Crit Care Clin. 2011; 27(3):429-37. [DOI:10.1016/j.ccc.2011.05.006] [PMID]##Huppert LA, Matthay MA, Ware LB. Pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 40(1):31-9. [DOI:10.1055/s-0039-1683996] [PMID]##Rocco PR, Pelosi P. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome: Myth or reality? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008; 14(1):50-5. [DOI:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f2405b] [PMID]##Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, Fan E, Brochard L, Esteban A, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA. 2016; 315(8):788-800. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.0291] [PMID]##Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, Arabi YM, Beitler JR, Mercat A, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019; 5(1):18. [DOI:10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0]##Wilson KC, Saukkonen JJ. Acute respiratory failure from abused substances. J Intensive Care Med. 2004 ; 19(4):183-93. [DOI:10.1177/0885066604263918] [PMID]##Parsons PE. Respiratory failure as a result of drugs, overdoses, and poisonings. Clin Chest Med. 1994; 15(1):93-102. [PMID]##Taheri F, Yaraghi A, Sabzghabaee AM, Moudi M, Eizadi-Mood N, Gheshlaghi F, et al. Methadone toxicity in a poisoning referral center. J Res Pharm Pract. 2013; 2(3):130-4. [DOI:10.4103/2279-042X.122387] [PMID]##Korkmaz Ekren P, Basarik Aydogan B, Gurgun A, Tasbakan MS, Bacakoglu F, Nava S. Can fiberoptic bronchoscopy be applied to critically ill patients treated with noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome? Prospective observational study. BMC Pulm Med. 2016; 16(1):89. [DOI:10.1186/s12890-016-0236-y] [PMID]##Combes A, Peek GJ, Hajage D, Hardy P, Abrams D, Schmidt M, et al. ECMO for severe ARDS: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(11):2048-57. [DOI:10.1007/s00134-020-06248-3] [PMID]##Huber W, Findeisen M, Lahmer T, Herner A, Rasch S, Mayr U, et al. Prediction of outcome in patients with ARDS: A prospective cohort study comparing ARDS-definitions and other ARDS-associated parameters, ratios and scores at intubation and over time. Plos One. 2020; 15(5):e0232720. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0232720] [PMID]##Bhardwaj H, Bhardwaj B, Awab A. Revisiting opioid overdose induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014; 18(2):119-20. [DOI:10.4103/0972-5229.126095] [PMID]##Radke JB, Owen KP, Sutter ME, Ford JB, Albertson TE. The effects of opioids on the lung. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014; 46(1):54-64. 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The Impact of N-acetylcysteine Supplementation on Spermatogenic Recovery and Biochemical Markers in Dexamethasone-administered Mice 2 2 Background: Dexamethasone (DEX), a widely used synthetic glucocorticoid, is associated with adverse effects on male reproductive health. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), as a glutathione precursor and potent antioxidant, helps neutralize free radicals, thereby preventing tissue damage and preserving sperm integrity. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of NAC on the undesired effects of DEX on the spermatogenesis indices and sperm parameters. Methods: A total of 24 NMRI mice were divided into 4 groups: control, DEX (7 mg/kg/d, IP), NAC (100 mg/kg/d, IP), and DEX+NAC. They received treatments for 7 days. Testicular tissues were excised 24 hours after treatment completion for stereological evaluation and determination of mean daily sperm production (DSP). In addition, the mean numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells, along with spermatogenesis indices, sperm tail length (STL), motility, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and testicular tissues, and testosterone concentration were measured and analyzed.  Results: In the DEX-treated group, significant declines were detected in sperm motility, spermatogenesis indices, DSP, and the counts of spermatocytes, spermatids, and Leydig cells, along with a reduction in serum testosterone levels compared with the control (P<0.05). Conversely, serum and testicular MDA concentrations increased markedly following DEX administration (P<0.05). Co-treatment with NAC normalized these parameters to levels comparable to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that NAC can mitigate the detrimental effects of DEX on spermatogenesis indices and sperm quality parameters, likely through its antioxidant and regulatory effects. 347 358 2025/07/182025/07/162025/04/302025/08/182024/11/142025/07/28 1404/5/6 2025/11/292025/11/32025/09/302025/11/32025/08/162025/11/29 1404/9/8 Monireh Mahmoodi Monireh Mahmoodi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran. Iran m-mahmoodi@araku.ac.ir Malek Soleimani Mehranjani Malek Soleimani Mehranjani Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran. Iran m-soleimani@araku.ac.ir Sepideh Bakhshi Sepideh Bakhshi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran. Iran mehrad.bahmani2021@gmail.com Dexamethasone (DEX) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) Spermatogenesis Mice Kaltsas A, Zachariou A, Dimitriadis F, Chrisofos M, Sofikitis N. 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Determination of Serum Crocetin After Oral Administration of Krocina Tablets Using HPLC and LC–MS Method 2 2 Background: Saffron, derived from Crocus sativus, has long been used in traditional medicine because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, which are primarily attributed to crocin, its major bioactive pigment. Crocin is extensively hydrolyzed to crocetin in the gastrointestinal tract, where it exhibits improved systemic absorption and acts as the principal circulating metabolite. However, pharmacokinetic data regarding commercially available crocin formulations remain limited. Objectives: Crocin is the main active pigment in saffron and is responsible for its many therapeutic effects. A pharmaceutical product called Krocina is available on the Iran market, and this study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics and absorption of Krocina 15-mg tablets. Methods: A stock solution of crocetin at a concentration of 5 µg/mL in methanol was prepared. Serum and urine standards were then prepared from this stock in the concentration range of 0.025 to 2.5 µg/mL. Each standard was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). A mobile phase composed of methanol, water, and acetic acid (85%, 14.5%, 0.5%), at a detection wavelength at 423 nm with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min was employed. LC-MS measurements were performed in positive electrospray ionization mode (ESI+) using a Supelco analytical column (150×4.6 mm, 3 µm Discovery HS C18, USA). Results: The intraday coefficient of variation (CV) measured by HPLC <1.28%, and the interday CV<3.44%. For the LC-MS/MRM method, intraday CV<1.05% and interday CV was below 2.87%. The average peak serum concentration of crocetin after Krocina tablet administration occurred at 240 minutes, measured as 177.11 ng/mL by HPLC and 184.33 ng/mL by LC-MS/MRM. Conclusion: Both HPLC and LC-MS methods demonstrated adequate capability for blood analysis and determination of pharmacokinetic parameters, and the obtained data were considered reliable. The clinical effects of Krocina tablets should be related to absorbed crocetin. 359 368 2025/07/182025/07/162025/04/302025/08/182024/11/142025/07/282025/08/16 1404/5/25 2025/11/292025/11/32025/09/302025/11/32025/08/162025/11/292025/12/8 1404/9/17 Faezeh Ghorbanzadeh Faezeh Ghorbanzadeh Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran ghorbanzadeh.faezeh@gmail.com Hossein Kamali Hossein Kamali Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran kamalih@mums.ac.ir Mojgan Nejabat Mojgan Nejabat Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran nejabatm2@mums.ac.ir Majid Ghayour Mobarhan Majid Ghayour Mobarhan Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran ghayourm@mums.ac.ir Farzin Hadizadeh Farzin Hadizadeh Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran hadizadehf@mums.ac.ir Krocina Tablet Pharmacokinetic High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) Reddy CN, Bharate SB, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SS. Chemical analysis of saffron by HPLC based crocetin estimation. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020; 181:113094. [DOI:10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113094]##Peng F, Gao C, Qian Z. Protective effects of crocetin on anoxic injury in mice. Chin New Drugs J. 2007; 16(21):1772. [Link]##Moraga AR, Nohales PF, Pérez JA, Gómez-Gómez L. Glucosylation of the saffron apocarotenoid crocetin by a glucosyltransferase isolated from Crocus sativus stigmas. 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Effect of Storage Period on the Bioactive Composition and Therapeutic Potential of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil 2 2 Background: Essential oil (EO) of Syzygium aromaticum is usually used for medicinal purposes. In most cases, it is kept for a long duration.  Objectives: The work aimed at examining how the duration of storage of the EO affects its medicinal quality of the essential oil.  Methods: The EO of S. aromaticum was extracted by hydrodistillation. The extracted EO was kept in a cupboard in amber bottles at room temperature for 4, 183, and 365 days. Chemical components of the EOs were determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Dopamine and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) assays were used to assess the anti-hypertensive activity. The anti-diabetic tendencies were evaluated with the α-glucosidase and α-amylase assays. Albumin denaturation and protease were used to estimate the anti-inflammatory activity.  Results: The results indicate that the EO shows a color change from light yellow in 4 and 183 days of storage to dark brown after 365 days. The results of the GC-MS show a higher value of eugenol in the EO stored for 183 and 365 days (93.15% and 93.46%, respectively). It also shows the presence of eugenol acetate (17.05%) in the EO stored for 4 days, but it was absent in 183 and 365 days of storage. The EO stored for 4 days had a higher inhibition of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic parameters tested. Conclusion: The results indicate that the higher the period of storage of the essential oil, the less medicinal potency it possesses. 369 384 2025/07/182025/07/162025/04/302025/08/182024/11/142025/07/282025/08/162025/08/19 1404/5/28 2025/11/292025/11/32025/09/302025/11/32025/08/162025/11/292025/12/82025/11/29 1404/9/8 Abayomi Gideon Adeyemo Abayomi Gideon Adeyemo Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Iran adeyemoabayomi0205@gmail.com Shola Hezekiah Awojide Shola Hezekiah Awojide Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Iran shola.awojide@uniosun.edu.ng Alilat Ololade Tiamiyu Alilat Ololade Tiamiyu Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Iran ololadetiamiyu19@gmail.com Adebanjo Jacob Anifowose Adebanjo Jacob Anifowose Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Iran adebanjo.anifowose@uniosun.edu.ng Adedayo Olubunmi Adeboye Adedayo Olubunmi Adeboye Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Iran adedayo.adeboye@uniosun.edu.ng Ezekiel Olumide Fadunmade Ezekiel Olumide Fadunmade Learning and Development Bureau, Chatham, United Kingdom. Iran o.fadunmade@learninganddevelopmentbureau.org.uk Oluwatumininu Abosede Mutiu Oluwatumininu Abosede Mutiu Industrial Chemistry Program, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria. Iran mutiuoluwatumininu@gmail.com Yemisi Elizabeth Asibor Yemisi Elizabeth Asibor Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. 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