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Clinical Applications of Myrtus communis L. in Traditional and Modern Medicine: A Scoping Review 2 2 Background: Myrtus communis L. (MC), or common myrtle, is a member of the Myrtaceae family and has been widely used in herbal medicine, including Persian medicine (PM), the Unani system, and modern medical research.  Objectives: This review aimed to explore MC berries, leaves, seeds, and essential oils’ therapeutic and biochemical properties in PM and contemporary scientific studies. Methods: Modern research was sourced from databases, such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed. PM sources included key traditional textbooks, such as ‘the canon of medicine,’ ‘Makhzan al-Adviyah,’ and others. The search was based on the keywords Myrtus communis or myrtle in new sources and Mord or Habb-ul-Aas in traditional medicine sources. Results: In PM, MC has been used for neurological (headaches, epilepsy), ophthalmic (conjunctivitis), head and neck (toothache, earache, gingivitis), respiratory (cough, tuberculosis), gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD, diarrhea), urogenital (bladder stones, dysuria), and skin conditions (warts, burns, acne). Modern studies have confirmed its efficacy in treating urogenital infections (vaginitis, human papillomavirus [HPV]), skin issues (acne and warts), GERD, and head and neck conditions (aphthous stomatitis). In vivo and in vitro studies have shown antiparasitic, cardiovascular, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects (Alzheimer’s and insomnia). Conclusion: Modern research has validated many traditional uses of MC; however, further studies are required to confirm its medical benefits comprehensively. 173 188 2025/07/12 1404/4/21 2025/09/21 1404/6/30 Ali Rezaee Ali Rezaee Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran alirezaee2510@gmail.com Mohsen Rezaee Mohsen Rezaee Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Iran Rezaee.Mohsen.1382@gmail.com Zohre Feyzabadi Zohre Feyzabadi Dr Feyzabadi Private Practice, Mashhad, Iran. Iran feyzabadi_8823@yahoo.com Mohammad M. Zarshenas Mohammad M. Zarshenas Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Iran zarm@sums.ac.ir Myrtus communis (MC) Phytotherapy Medicine Traditional complementary therapies Plant Özkan AM, Güray ÇG. A Mediterranean: Myrtus communis L.(myrtle). 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[DOI:10.3390/ijms23062984] [PMID]##Mansour RB, Beji RS, Wasli H, Zekri S, Ksouri R, Megdiche-Ksouri W, et al. Gastroprotective effect of microencapsulated Myrtus communis essential oil against ethanol/HCl-induced acute gastric lesions. Molecules. 2022; 27(5):1566. [DOI:10.3390/molecules27051566] [PMID]##Jabri MA, Hajaji S, Rtibi K, Sebai H. Role of anti-inflammatory, reactive oxygen species scavenging activity and nematicidal properties of Myrtle berry seeds on Helminthiasis treatment. J Med Food. 2021; 24(4):377-84. [DOI:10.1089/jmf.2020.0089] [PMID]##Mahmoudvand H, Fallahi S, Mahmoudvand H, Shakibaie M, Harandi MF, Dezaki ES. Efficacy of Myrtus communis L. to inactivate the hydatid cyst protoscoleces. J Invest Surg. 2016; 29(3):137-43. [DOI:10.3109/08941939.2015.1088601] [PMID]##Hedayati A, Khosropanah H, Bazargani A, Abed M, Emami A. Assessing the antimicrobial effect of the essential oil of Myrtus communis on the clinical isolates of Porphyromonas gingivalis: An in vitro study. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2013; 8(4):165-8. [DOI:10.17795/jjnpp-12253] [PMID]##Sateriale D, Facchiano S, Colicchio R, Pagliuca C, Varricchio E, Paolucci M, et al. In vitro synergy of polyphenolic extracts from honey, myrtle and pomegranate against oral pathogens, S. mutans and R. dentocariosa. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11:1465. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01465] [PMID]##Torabi I, Sharififar F, Izadi A, Ayatollahi Mousavi SA. Inhibitory effects of different fractions separated from standardized extract of Myrtus communis L. against nystatin-susceptible and nystatin-resistant Candida albicans isolated from HIV positive patients. Heliyon. 2022; 8(3):e09073. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09073] [PMID]##Hassan HA, El-Kholy WM, El-Sawi MR, Galal NA, Ramadan MF. Myrtle (Myrtus communis) leaf extract suppresses hepatotoxicity induced by monosodium glutamate and acrylamide through obstructing apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020; 27(18):23188-98. [DOI:10.1007/s11356-020-08780-7] [PMID]##Ben Hsouna A, Dhibi S, Dhifi W, Mnif W, Ben Nasr H, Hfaiedh N. Chemical composition and hepatoprotective effect of essential oil from Myrtus communis L. flowers against CCL 4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. RSC Adv. 2019; 9(7):3777-87. [DOI:10.1039/C8RA08204A] [PMID]##Ozbeyli D, Sen A, Cilingir Kaya OT, Ertas B, Aydemir S, Ozkan N, et al. Myrtus communis leaf extract protects against cerulein‐induced acute pancreatitis in rats.J Food Biochem. 2020; 44(2):e13130. [DOI:10.1111/jfbc.13130] [PMID]##Hashemipour MA, Lotfi S, Torabi M, Sharifi F, Ansari M, Ghassemi A, et al. Evaluation of the effects of three plant Species (Myrtus Communis L., Camellia Sinensis L., Zataria Multiflora Boiss.) on the Healing Process of Intraoral Ulcers in Rats. J Dent (Shiraz). 2017; 18(2):127-35. [PMID]##Jabri MA, Rtibi K, Sakly M, Marzouki L, Sebai H. Role of gastrointestinal motility inhibition and antioxidant properties of myrtle berries (Myrtus communis L.) juice in diarrhea treatment. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016; 84:1937-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.008] [PMID]##Sisay M, Engidawork E, Shibeshi W. Evaluation of the antidiarrheal activity of the leaf extracts of Myrtus communis Linn (Myrtaceae) in mice model. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017; 17(1):103. [DOI:10.1186/s12906-017-1625-3] [PMID]##Sen A, Ozkan S, Recebova K, Cevik O, Ercan F, Kervancıoglu Demirci E, et al. Effects of Myrtus communis extract treatment in bile duct ligated rats. J Surg Res. 2016; 205(2):359-67. [DOI:10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.094] [PMID]##Deriu A, Branca G, Molicotti P, Pintore G, Chessa M, Tirillini B, et al. In vitro activity of essential oil of Myrtus communis L. against Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007; 30(6):562-3. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.07.005] [PMID]##Zaidi SF, Muhammad JS, Shahryar S, Usmanghani K, Gilani AH, Jafri W, et al. Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of selected Pakistani medicinal plants in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 141(1):403-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.001] [PMID]##Belahcene S, Kebsa W, Omoboyowa DA, Alshihri AA, Alelyani M, Bakkour Y, et al. Unveiling the chemical profiling antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of algerian myrtus communis l. essential oils, and exploring molecular docking to predict the inhibitory compounds against cyclooxygenase-2. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(10):1343. [DOI:10.3390/ph16101343] [PMID]##Amira S, Dade M, Schinella G, Ríos JL. Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and apoptotic activities of four plant species used in folk medicine in the Mediterranean basin. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012; 25(1):65-72. [PMID]##Belahcene S, Kebsa W, Akingbade TV, Umar HI, Omoboyowa DA, Alshihri AA, et al. Chemical composition antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Myrtus communis L. leaf extract: forecasting ADMEt profiling and anti-inflammatory targets using molecular docking tools. Molecules. 2024; 29(4):849. [DOI:10.3390/molecules29040849] [PMID]##Maxia A, Frau MA, Falconieri D, Karchuli MS, Kasture S. Essential oil of Myrtus communis inhibits inflammation in rats by reducing serum IL-6 and TNF-α. Nat Prod Commun. 2011; 6(10):1934578X1100601034. [DOI:10.1177/1934578X1100601034]##Mir MA, Bashir N, Alfaify A, Oteef MDY. GC-MS analysis of Myrtus communis extract and its antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020; 20(1):86. [DOI:10.1186/s12906-020-2863-3] [PMID]##Hayani M, Benabbouha T, Naceiri Mrabti N, Eljebri S, Sabiri M, Zair T. Bioactive profiling, antibacterial efficacy and computational modelling of Myrtus communis essential oil (Morocco). Chem Biodivers. 2024; 21(6):e202302114.[DOI:10.1002/cbdv.202302114] [PMID]##Polat Yemiş G, Sezer E, Sıçramaz H. Inhibitory effect of sodium alginate nanoemulsion coating containing myrtle essential oil (Myrtus communis L.) on listeria monocytogenes in Kasar Cheese. Molecules. 2022; 27(21):7298. [DOI:10.3390/molecules27217298] [PMID]##Fadil M, Fikri-Benbrahim K, Rachiq S, Ihssane B, Lebrazi S, Chraibi M, et al. Combined treatment of Thymus vulgaris L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils against Salmonella typhimurium: Optimization of antibacterial activity by mixture design methodology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2018; 126:211-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.002] [PMID]##Hesami D, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Dayer MS, Nasiri V, Sheikh S. Investigating in vivo and in vitro effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Myrtle (Myrtus communis) on Leishmania major. Iran J Parasitol. 2021; 16(4):641-51. 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Anti-aging Effects of Salvia officinalis Extract via Telomerase Modulation and Oxidative Stress Reduction 2 2 Background: Aging is a biological process that reduces quality of life and is related to a time-dependent decline in cellular function. It is a primary risk factor for many disorders. Aging-related disorders have become a global healthcare challenge. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of Saliva officinalis on aged tissues. Methods: In the current study, 30 aged male rats (twenty-month-old) were divided into three groups: Aging, aging-low S. officinalis (100 mg/kg), and aging-high S. officinalis (200 mg/kg). S. officinalis was gavage for 2 weeks. Finally, all aged animals were sacrificed, and the heart, liver, hippocampus, and right kidney tissues were collected for oxidative stress assessment. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of urea, creatinine, liver enzymes, oxidants, and antioxidants, and telomerase enzyme activity. Results: The results showed that S. officinalis administration in high doses significantly decreased oxidative stress in aged tissues. Urea and creatinine levels in the aging-high S. officinalis group significantly reduced compared to the aging group. An insignificant change is observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), while the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) significantly decreased in the aging-high S. officinalis group. Using S. officinalis in low and high doses notably increased telomerase enzyme activity.  Conclusion: This study suggests that administering S. officinalis, especially at a high dose (200 mg/kg), can be useful in reducing aging-related impairment. 189 200 2025/07/122025/01/25 1403/11/6 2025/09/212025/07/19 1404/4/28 Shabnam Mohammadi Shabnam Mohammadi Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran mohammadish@mums.ac.ir Negar Ostadrahimi Negar Ostadrahimi Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran n.ostadrahimi74@gmail.com Abolfazl Rezaei Abolfazl Rezaei Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Iran rezaeiA@mums.ac.ir Aging Saliva officinalis Oxidative stress Cai Y, Song W, Li J, Jing Y, Liang C, Zhang L, et al. The landscape of aging. Sci China Life Sci. 2022; 65(12):2354-454. [DOI:10.1007/s11427-022-2161-3] [PMID]##Guillaumet-Adkins A, Yañez Y, Peris-Diaz MD, Calabria I, Palanca-Ballester C, Sandoval J. Epigenetics and Oxidative Stress in Aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017; 2017:9175806. [DOI:10.1155/2017/9175806] [PMID]##Salmon AB, Richardson A, Pérez VI. Update on the oxidative stress theory of aging: Does oxidative stress play a role in aging or healthy aging? Free Radic Biol Med. 2010; 48(5):642-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.015] [PMID]##Newsholme P, Rebelato E, Abdulkader F, Krause M, Carpinelli A, Curi R. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation, antioxidant defenses, and β-cell function: A critical role for amino acids. J Endocrinol. 2012; 214(1):11-20. [DOI:10.1530/JOE-12-0072] [PMID]##Yamaguchi R, Perkins G. Dynamics of mitochondrial structure during apoptosis and the enigma of Opa1. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009; 1787(8):963-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.02.005] [PMID]##Gavia-García G, Rosado-Pérez J, Arista-Ugalde TL, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Santiago-Osorio E, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Telomere Length and Oxidative Stress and Its Relation with Metabolic Syndrome Components in the Aging. Biology (Basel). 2021; 10(4):253. [DOI:10.3390/biology10040253] [PMID]##Kozakiewicz M, Kornatowski M, Krzywińska O, Kędziora-Kornatowska K. Changes in the blood antioxidant defense of advanced age people. Clin Interv Aging. 2019; 14:763-71.[DOI:10.2147/CIA.S201250] [PMID]##Ramesh T, Kim SW, Sung JH, Hwang SY, Sohn SH, Yoo SK, et al. Effect of fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) on oxidative stress and antioxidant activities in major organs of aged rats. Exp Gerontol. 2012; 47(1):77-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.exger.2011.10.007] [PMID]##Ghorbani A, Esmaeilizadeh M. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017; 7(4):433-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014] [PMID]##Zare, H. Effects of salvia officinalis extract on the breast cancer cell line. SciMed J. 2019; 1(1):25-9. [DOI:10.28991/SciMedJ-2019-0101-4]##El Euch SK, Hassine D, Cazaux S, Bouzouita N, Bouajila J. Salvia officinalis essential oil: Chemical analysis and evaluation of anti-enzymatic and antioxidant bioactivities. S Afr J Bot. 2019; 120:253-60. [DOI:10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.010]##Kolac UK, Ustuner MC, Tekin N, Ustuner D, Colak E, Entok E. The Anti-Inflammatory and antioxidant effects of salvia officinalis on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats. J Med Food. 2017; 20(12):1193-1200. [DOI:10.1089/jmf.2017.0035] [PMID]##Vafaei A, Mohammadi S, Fazel A, Soukhtanloo M, Mohammadipour A, Beheshti F. Effects of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) on sperm quality, testicular structure, testosterone level and oxidative stress in busulfan-induced infertile mice. Pharm Sci. 2018; 24(2):104-11. [DOI:10.15171/PS.2018.16]##Bagheri Y, Keshtmand Z, Rahbarghazi R, Gharamaleki MN, Barati A, Bagheri S, et al. Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic extract improved reproduction capacity and behavioral activity in rats exposed to immobilization stress. Anim Sci J. 2020; 91(1):e13382. [DOI:10.1111/asj.13382] [PMID]##Dinel AL, Lucas C, Guillemet D, Layé S, Pallet V, Joffre C. Chronic supplementation with a mix of salvia officinalis and salvia lavandulaefolia improves morris water maze learning in normal adult C57Bl/6J mice. Nutrients. 2020; 12(6):1777. [DOI:10.3390/nu12061777] [PMID]##Jalilvand N, Hosseini M, Beheshti F, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A. Protective effect of PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, on testicular tissue and sperm parameters in hypothyroid rats. Toxin Rev. 2019; 40(3):267-76. [DOI:10.1080/15569543.2018.1564775]##Pallio G, Micali A, Benvenga S, Antonelli A, Marini HR, Puzzolo D, et al. Myo-inositol in the protection from cadmium-induced toxicity in mice kidney: An emerging nutraceutical challenge. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019; 132:110675. [DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2019.110675] [PMID]##Osatd-Rahimi N, Saburi E, Karimi S, Boustan A, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A. The therapeutic effect of melatonin on female offspring ovarian reserve and quality in BALB/c mice after exposing their mother to methamphetamine during pregnancy and lactation. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2023; 26(2):208-15. [PMID]##Yazdi HB, Hojati V, Shiravi A, Hosseinian S, Vaezi G, Hadjzadeh MA. Liver dysfunction and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Protective role of artemisia turanica. J Pharmacopuncture. 2019; 22(2):109-14. [DOI:10.3831/KPI.2019.22.014] [PMID]##Gaharwar US, Meena R, Rajamani P. Iron oxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in lymphocytes. J Appl Toxicol. 2017; 37(10):1232-44. [DOI:10.1002/jat.3485] [PMID]##Pars Azmon Co. [GPT (ALAT) quantitative detection kit in serum or plasma by photometric method (Persian)]. Karaj: Pars Azmon Co: 2020. [Link]##Pars Azmon Co. [UV urea quantitative detection kit in serum, plasma and urine using photometric method (Persian)]. Karaj: Pars Azmon Co: 2020. [Link]##Pars Azmon Co. [Creatinine quantitative detection kit in serum, plasma or urine using photometric method (Persian)]. Karaj: Pars Azmon Co: 2020. [Link]##Fahmy MA, Diab KA, Abdel-Samie NS, Omara EA, Hassan ZM. Carbon tetrachloride induced hepato/renal toxicity in experimental mice: Antioxidant potential of Egyptian Salvia officinalis L essential oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018; 25(28):27858-76. [DOI:10.1007/s11356-018-2820-6] [PMID]##AlDehaini DMB, Al-Bustan SA, Ali ME, Malalla ZHA, Sater M, Giha HA. Shortening of the leucocytes' telomeres length in T2DM independent of age and telomerase activity. Acta Diabetol. 2020; 57(11):1287-95. [DOI:10.1007/s00592-020-01550-4] [PMID]##Halim M, Halim A. The effects of inflammation, aging and oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019; 13(2):1165-72. [DOI:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.040] [PMID]##Uwa LM. The anti-aging efficacy of antioxidants. Curr Trends Biomedical Eng Biosci. 2017; 7(4):555716. [DOI:10.19080/CTBEB.2017.07.555716]##Vosoughi N, Gomarian M, Pirbalouti AG, Khaghani S, Malekpoor F. Essential oil composition and total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extract under chitosan application and irrigation frequencies. Ind Crops Prod. 2018; 117:366-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.021]##Khiya Z, Oualcadi Y, Gamar A, Berrekhis F, Zair T, Hilali F. Correlation of total polyphenolic content with antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic extract and their fractions of the Salvia officinalis leaves from different regions of Morocco. J Chem. 2021; 1-11. [DOI:10.1155/2021/8585313]##Barrera G, Pizzimenti S, Daga M, Dianzani C, Arcaro A, Cetrangolo GP, et al. Lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde in aging-related disorders. Antioxidants (Basel). 2018; 7(8):102. [DOI:10.3390/antiox7080102] [PMID]##Zhang Y, Chen X, Yang L, Zu Y, Lu Q. Effects of rosmarinic acid on liver and kidney antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and tissue ultrastructure in aging mice. Food Funct. 2015; 6(3):927-31. [DOI:10.1039/C4FO01051E] [PMID]##Sener S, Akbas A, Kilinc F, Baran P, Erel O, Aktas A. Thiol/disulfide homeostasis as a marker of oxidative stress in rosacea: A controlled spectrophotometric study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2019; 38(1):55-8. [DOI:10.1080/15569527.2018.1517124] [PMID]##Ahangarpour A, Najimi SA, Farbood Y. Effects of Vitex agnus-castus fruit on sex hormones and antioxidant indices in a d-galactose-induced aging female mouse model. J Chin Med Assoc. 2016; 79(11):589-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.jcma.2016.05.006] [PMID]##Osman N, Abd El-Azime AS. Salvia officinalis L.(Sage) ameliorates radiation-induced oxidative brain damage in rats. Arab. J Nucl Sci Appl. 2013; 46(1):297-304. [Link]##Han X, Bao X, Lou Q, Xie X, Zhang M, Zhou S, et al. Nicotinamide riboside exerts protective effect against aging-induced NAFLD-like hepatic dysfunction in mice. PeerJ. 2019; 7:e7568. [DOI:10.7717/peerj.7568] [PMID]##Rashwan HM, Mohammed HE, El-Nekeety AA, Hamza ZK, Abdel-Aziem SH, Hassan NS, et al. 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Antifibroid and High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Leaves 2 2 Background: Globally, women’s reproductive health is endangered due to fibroids, benign tumors that develop from the uterine smooth muscle cells. Women are increasingly turning to herbal remedies to treat uterine fibroids due to the disadvantages of conventional therapies. Among these plants, the leaves of Azadirachta indica are particularly noteworthy.  Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antifibroid potential of the ethanol leaf extract of A. indica (Meliaceae) in Wistar rats. Methods: Rats were administered monosodium glutamate (MSG) daily for 30 days to induce the formation of spindle-shaped fibers characteristic of fibroids. The extract was administered in graded doses to a second group as a prophylactic measure concurrently with MSG (preventive approach). In the curative approach, MSG was administered for 30 days to induce fibroid cell formation, following which the extract was administered. Total cholesterol, protein, estrogen, and progesterone levels were measured using biochemical analysis of blood serum. Uterine histopathological examination was performed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to identify the bioactive components of the plant. Results: MSG elevated serum cholesterol (P≤0.05), progesterone (P≤0.001), and estradiol levels in rats. Extract administration inhibited the rise in these parameters, both in the preventive and curative experiments. Histopathology assessment of the rat uterus treated with the extract revealed a reduction in fibroid cells at the 80 mg/kg dose. HPLC analysis identified β-caryophyllin, azadirachnol, azadirachta-A, and quercetin as the major phenolic compounds in the extract. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the antifibroid potential of A. indica leaves which merits further research. 201 214 2025/07/122025/01/252025/02/17 1403/11/29 2025/09/212025/07/192025/08/16 1404/5/25 Rose Osarieme Imade Rose Osarieme Imade Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria. Nigeria rose.jesuorobo@uniben.edu Buniyamin Adesina Ayinde Buniyamin Adesina Ayinde Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria. Nigeria baayinde@uniben.edu Andrex Osatohanmwen Iyawe Andrex Osatohanmwen Iyawe Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria. Nigeria iyaweosatohanmwen@gmail.com Charles Osemwegie Ogbemudia Charles Osemwegie Ogbemudia Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria. Nigeria osemwegie.charles18@gmail.com Azadirachta indica Fibroid High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Histology Hormones Chen HY, Lin PH, Shih YH, Wang KL, Hong YH, Shieh TM, et al. Natural antioxidant resveratrol suppresses uterine fibroid cell growth and extracellular matrix formation in vitro and in vivo. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019; 8(4):99.[DOI:10.3390/antiox8040099] [PMID]##Farris M, Bastianelli C, Rosato E, Brosens I, Benagiano G. Uterine fibroids: An update on current and emerging medical treatment options. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019; 15:157-78. [DOI:10.2147/TCRM.S147318] [PMID]##Koltsova AS, Pendina AA, Malysheva OV, Trusova ED, Staroverov DA, Yarmolinskaya MI, et al. In vitro effect of estrogen and progesterone on cytogenetic profile of uterine leiomyomas. Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 26(1):96. [DOI:10.3390/ijms26010096] [PMID]##Arip M, Yap VL, Rajagopal M, Selvaraja M, Dharmendra K, Chinnapan S. Evidence-based management of uterine fibroids with botanical drugs-A review. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13:878407. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.878407] [PMID]##Liu JP, Yang H, Xia Y, Cardini F. Herbal preparations for uterine fibroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (2):CD005292. [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005292.pub2] [PMID]##Yashunina M. A study of the effect of an ethanolic extract of femitol on uterine fibroid in laboratory model. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod. 2021; 7:6. [Link]##Innocent Ndubuisi Ezejiofor T, Henry Okoroafor C. Effects of ethanol extracts of Diodia sarmentosa leaves on biochemical and histopathological indices of monosodium glutamate-induced uterine leiomyoma in rats. Biomed Res Ther. 2022; 9(7):5140-8. [DOI:10.15419/bmrat.v9i7.749]##Ujah II, Nsude CA, Ani ON, Alozieuwa UB, Okpako IO, Okwor AE. Phytochemicals of neem plant (Azadirachta indica) explains its use in traditional medicine and pest control. GSC Biol Pharm Sci. 2021; 14(2):165-71. [DOI:10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.2.0394]##Su X, Liang Z, Xue Q, Liu J, Hao X, Wang C. 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Inhibition of Biofilms by Extracts From Vernonia adoensis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus 2 2 Background: Bacteria that form biofilms have become a leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings, as they are responsible for over 65% of nosocomial infections. Biofilms are a major cause of drug resistance in bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause numerous infections and are known for their ability to produce biofilms. Vernonia adoensis is an African ethnomedicinal plant commonly used to treat various disease conditions and has been shown to have antibacterial activity.  Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects V. adoensis extract on biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and to determine the phytochemicals present in the extract.  Methods: The effect of the extract on the biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus was determined on 96-microwell plates using crystal violet. The phytochemical constituents of the extract were determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS).  Results: The extract disrupted the biofilms of the bacteria. At 100 µg/mL, the extract inhibited the formation of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilms by 93% and 17%, respectively. V. adoensis was more potent in decreasing the attachment efficiency of the biofilm of P. aeruginosa as it caused the detachment of 84% of the biofilm in the presence of safety data sheets (SDS), but only 17% of the biofilm of S. aureus. Five compounds (kaempferol, quinic acid, caffeic acid, rhamnetin I, and luteolin were identified using UPLC-MS. Some of these compounds have demonstrated antimicrobial activity.  Conclusion: V. adoensis contains bioactive components that may be exploited as lead compounds for the development of new antimicrobial agents with antibiofilm activity. 215 226 2025/07/122025/01/252025/02/172023/06/8 1402/3/18 2025/09/212025/07/192025/08/162025/04/26 1404/2/6 Winnie Mozirandi Winnie Mozirandi Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe mozirandi@gmail.com Godloves Chi Fru Godloves Chi Fru Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. 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Pharmacological Assessment of Indigofera hochstetteri: Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Potential 2 2 Background: Inflammation and pain are essential physiological responses that protect the body against harmful stimuli. However, when chronic, they can result in severe health problems and disability. The available treatment options have significant limitations, necessitating the search for safer alternatives.  Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of the methanol leaf extract of Indigofera hochstetteri. Methods: The methanol extract of I. hochstetteri was subjected to phytochemical screening and acute toxicity assessment using Lorke’s method. Anti-inflammatory activity was examined using formalin-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema, while acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests were employed to assess analgesic activity. Results: Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, terpenes, and saponins. Acute toxicity studies indicated a moderate toxicity level, with a median lethal dose of 2,154 mg/kg. The extract displayed statistically significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory effects in both the formalin and xylene models. Substantial analgesic activity was also observed in both the writhing and hot plate tests. The extract’s efficacy was directly proportional to the dose, with higher doses (300 and 600 mg/kg) showing effectiveness similar to that of standard drugs. Conclusion: These findings imply that I. hochstetteri has promising potential as a natural alternative for managing inflammation and pain. 227 236 2025/07/122025/01/252025/02/172023/06/82025/01/21 1403/11/2 2025/09/212025/07/192025/08/162025/04/262025/07/19 1404/4/28 Albashir Tahir Albashir Tahir Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria. Nigeria albashirtahir@basug.edu.ng Khadija Abdullahi Kobi Khadija Abdullahi Kobi Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria. Nigeria khadijahkobee@gmail.com Musab Abba Usman Musab Abba Usman Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria. Nigeria abbamusab7@gmail.com Nura Abubakar Nura Abubakar Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840001, Nigeria Nigeria nuradosara@gmail.com Suleiman Yunusa Suleiman Yunusa Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Nigeria syunusa@basug.edu.ng Indigofera hochstetteri Ethnomedicine Medicinal plants Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Stretanski MF, Kopitnik NL, Matha A, Conermann T. Chronic pain. [Updated 2025 Jun 23]. 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Clinical and Prognostic Findings in Psychotropic Substance Poisoning: A Cross-sectional Study 2 2 Background: Psychotropic substance poisoning is a growing public health concern.  Objectives: This study aimed to investigate patients with psychedelic poisoning and evaluate the frequency of clinical, preclinical, and prognostic findings. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study extracted clinical findings of patients, including neurological findings, cardiovascular findings, preclinical findings, treatment measures, and prognosis of patients poisoned with psychoactive substances who were admitted to Shah Vali Hospital in Yazd Province, Iran, and Shaheed Beheshti Hospital in Taft City, Iran, from 2014 to 2023 from their medical records and the hospital information system (HIS). Results: In the present study, information was extracted from 311 patients with psychotropic intoxication, comprising 164 individuals who had used stimulants and 147 who had used hallucinogens. The highest frequency of stimulant use was related to glass, with 160 individuals (51.4%), and the highest frequency of hallucinogen use was related to hashish, with 138 individuals (44.4%). Notably, most patients survived (99.67%). The most common symptoms observed were increased blood pressure (BP) (28.2%), mydriasis (73.31%), tachycardia (77.9%), shock (1.9%), seizures (5.5%), and agitation (68.16%). Elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were observed in 3.53% of patients, and the severity of intoxication was statistically significant (P=0.001). The results also showed a significant difference in the frequency distribution of psychoactive substances (stimulants and hallucinogens) according to the route of consumption (oral vs inhalation). Specifically, most psychoactive substances (both stimulants and hallucinogens) were inhaled rather than ingested (P<0.01). Also, a significant difference was observed in the frequency distribution of individuals poisoned with psychedelics (stimulants and hallucinogens) according to the reason for consumption (suicide vs abuse) (P>0.01). In this regard, the most common reason for consumption was abuse (70.1%). The frequency distribution of treatment types among patients poisoned with psychotropic drugs (stimulants and hallucinogens) showed that benzodiazepines were the most frequently used treatment (73%). Conclusion: This study of 311 patients with psychedelic poisoning reveals a significant prevalence of substance abuse, particularly among younger males, with stimulants being the most commonly used drugs. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention and intervention programs to address the critical issue of psychotropic substance misuse among at-risk populations. 237 250 2025/07/122025/01/252025/02/172023/06/82025/01/212024/11/14 1403/8/24 2025/09/212025/07/192025/08/162025/04/262025/07/192025/08/16 1404/5/25 Hanieh Hatampour Hanieh Hatampour Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran hatamporh1995@gmail.com Hamid Reza Jamshidi Hamid Reza Jamshidi Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran hrz.jamshidi@gmail.com Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Iran komeil.aghazade@gmail.com Sareh Rafatmagham Sareh Rafatmagham Department of Internal Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. Iran Niloofarderavi@yahoo.com Farhad Farnaghi Farhad Farnaghi Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran drfarhadfarnaghi@gmail.com Hamidreza Ghasemirad Hamidreza Ghasemirad Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran hr.ghasemirad@yahoo.com Mehrnoush Giahi Yazdi Mehrnoush Giahi Yazdi Social Security Organization of Yazd, Yazd, Iran. Iran mehrnoushg.yazdi@yahoo.com Mohsen Jabari Mohsen Jabari Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran Mo.jabbari75@gmail.com Khashayar Moravej Khashayar Moravej Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Khashayarmoravej@hotmail.com Hamid Owliaey Hamid Owliaey Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran hamid.owliaey@gmail.com Psychedelic poisoning Glass Hashish Stimulants Hallucinogens Hadinezhad P, Zarghami M, Montazer H, Moosazadeh M, Ghaderi F. Study of methamphetamine use in patients referred to emergency ward of a general Hospital at North of Iran in 2017. Addict Health. 2019; 11(1):18-25. [PMID]##Oyesanmi O, Kunkel EJ, Monti DA, Field HL. Hematologic side effects of psychotropics. Psychosomatics. 1999; 40(5):414-21. [DOI:10.1016/S0033-3182(99)71206-5] [PMID]##Shekari H, Eftekhari A. [Association between psychotropic drug usage and crime in central prison of Urmia, Iran (Persian)]. Iran J Forensic Med. 2015; 20(4):187-92. [Link]##Giugovaz A, Grassi M, Marchetti I. Substance addictions and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: Evidence from a multi-wave epidemiological study. Psychiatry Res. 2024; 334:115821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115821] [PMID]##Shafi A, Berry AJ, Sumnall H, Wood DM, Tracy DK. New psychoactive substances: A review and updates. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2020; 10:2045125320967197. [DOI:10.1177/2045125320967197] [PMID]##Jahangard L, Haghighi M, Mahmoudi Akhzar K, Seifrabei M, Ahmadpanah M, Mousavi L, et al. [Evaluating Amphetamine and methamphetamine abuse frequency in hospitalized patients of the psychiatric ward of Farshchian Hospital in Hamadan city (Persian)]. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2017; 24(1):80-6. [DOI:10.21859/hums-240111]##Goudarzi F, Ansari H, Gholamzadeh S, Zarenezhad M, Maleki M, Jafarizadeh F, et al. [Evaluation of the frequency, clinical signs & prognosis of drug abuse in poisoning cases referred to Shiraz Shoushtari Hospital from September 2008 to September 2010 (Persian)]. Iran J Forensic Med. 2016; 22(1):7-14.##Alter D, Beverley JA, Patel R, Bolaños-Guzmán CA, Steiner H. The 5-HT1B serotonin receptor regulates methylphenidate-induced gene expression in the striatum: Differential effects on immediate-early genes. J Psychopharmacol. 2017; 31(8):1078-87. 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J Health Syst Res. 2014; 10(2):335-44. [Link]##Katebi ŸR, Katebi Y, Shabani R, Alizadeh A, Rafiee M, Soleimani M. Ritalin abuse and its complications. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2017; 35(420):170-6. [Link]##Parsa F, Hosseini S, Mehrabani D, Hashemi S. [The effect of cannabis extract on SH-SY5Y nerve cell (Persian)]. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci. 2020; 20(2):232-41. [DOI:10.52547/jarums.20.2.232]##Bouziri A, Hamdi A, Borgi A, Hadj SB, Fitouri Z, Menif K, et al. Datura stramonium L. poisoning in a geophagous child: A case report. Int J Emerg Med. 2011; 4(1):31. [DOI:10.1186/1865-1380-4-31] [PMID]##De Gregorio D, Aguilar-Valles A, Preller KH, Heifets BD, Hibicke M, Mitchell J, et al. Hallucinogens in mental health: preclinical and clinical studies on LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine. J Neurosci. 2021; 41(5):891-900. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1659-20.2020] [PMID]##Darke S, Duflou J, Lappin J, Kaye S. Clinical and autopsy characteristics of fatal methamphetamine toxicity in Australia. J Forensic Sci. 2018; 63(5):1466-71. [DOI:10.1111/1556-4029.13710] [PMID]##Holze F, Vizeli P, Müller F, Ley L, Duerig R, Varghese N, et al. Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine in healthy subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020; 45(3):462-71. [DOI:10.1038/s41386-019-0569-3] [PMID]##Liechti ME. Modern clinical research on LSD. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017; 42(11):2114-27. [DOI:10.1038/npp.2017.86] [PMID]##Aria A, Pourbadakhshan N, Alizadeh A. Evaluation of the clinical and paraclinical symptoms of children intoxicated with amphetamines in Akbar Hospital of Mashhad, Iran 2021-2022. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2024; 40(11):766-9.[DOI:10.1097/PEC.0000000000003234] [PMID]##Dorooshi G, Borhani A, Zoofaghari S, Tarrahi MJ, Meamar R, Samsam Shariat S. Risk factors for opioids and stimulants poisoning among patients admitted to Khorshid Hospital in Isfahan. J Isfahan Med Sch. 2022; 40(676):435-42. [Link]##Farzaneh E, Bashkooh Y, Amani F, Nasl-Seraji F, Mehrpoor O. 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Structure-based In-silico Screening Reveals Promising Repurposed Drugs for Targeting Monkeypox Virus Proteins 2 2 Background: Monkeypox (mpox) has re-emerged as a significant global health concern, with outbreaks prompting public health emergencies. Despite the availability of vaccines and a few non-specific antivirals, no targeted therapy has been approved for pox, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment strategies.  Objectives: This study aimed to identify potential high-affinity drug candidates against mpox by repurposing existing compounds using structure-based molecular docking. It focused on five essential viral proteins involved in the virus’s replication and pathogenesis. Methods: Five mpox viral proteins—A48R (thymidylate kinase), A50R (DNA ligase), D13L (capsid protein), F13L (envelope protein), and I7L (cysteine protease)—were modeled using AlphaFold2 and prepared using Chimera and PyRx software. Over 300 compounds with known antiviral activity were screened using molecular docking with AutoDock Vina. The binding energies and protein-ligand interactions were analyzed using PyMOL and Discovery Studio. Top candidates were selected based on binding affinity, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles. Results: Several repurposed drugs demonstrated superior binding affinities compared to known inhibitors. Notably, baicalin (-10.0 kcal/mol) for A48R, ledipasvir (-10.3 kcal/mol) for A50R and I7L, and suramin (-13.2 and -10.7 kcal/mol) for D13L and F13L outperformed reference compounds. These drugs also exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and established safety profiles. Conclusion: This in silico drug repurposing approach highlights promising candidates for further investigation of mpox. The findings offer a foundation for experimental validation and support accelerated therapeutic development for emerging poxvirus threats. 251 260 2025/07/122025/01/252025/02/172023/06/82025/01/212024/11/142025/04/16 1404/1/27 2025/09/212025/07/192025/08/162025/04/262025/07/192025/08/162025/09/30 1404/7/8 Mahdi Amirzadeh Mahdi Amirzadeh Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mahdiamirzadeh@sbmu.ac.ir Ali Jabbarzadeh Ali Jabbarzadeh Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Alijabbarzadeh@sbmu.ac.ir Shahed Ahmadi Shahed Ahmadi Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran shahedahmadi@sbmu.ac.ir Mehraveh Ahmadi Mehraveh Ahmadi Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mehraveh.ahmadi@gmail.com Mousa Ahmadi Mousa Ahmadi Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mousa.ahmadi1344@yahoo.com Monkeypox (mpox) Treatment Vaccine In silico Drug repurposing WHO. WHO Director-General declares mpox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. Geneva: WHO; 2024. [Link]##Li K, Yuan Y, Jiang L, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang L. Animal host range of mpox virus. J Med Virol. 2023; 95(2):e28513. [DOI:10.1002/jmv.28513] [PMID]##Naseer MM, Afzal M, Fatima T, Nabiha, Rafique H, Munir A. Human monkeypox virus: A review on the globally emerging virus. Biomed Lett. 2024; 10(1):26-41. [DOI:10.47262/BL/10.1.20242161]##Yon H, Shin H, Shin JI, Shin JU, Shin YH, Lee J, et al. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2023; 33(4):e2446. 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A Retrospective Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions at a Tertiary Care Center–patterns, Causality, Predictability, and Preventability 2 2 Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. They can negatively impact healthcare resources and cause financial burden on patients.  Objectives: This study aimed to assess the causality, severity, predictability, and preventability of reported ADRs as per standard scales. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in KRIMS, Karwar, from April 2018 to August 2019. All suspected ADRs reported by outpatients and inpatients of various clinical departments were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 159 ADRs were reported in 136 patients. Most patients were adults aged 18-65 years (88.2%). A female preponderance was observed. The skin and central nervous system (CNS) were the predominant organ systems affected (29.6% each). The most common ADRs reported were rashes (14.5%) followed by sedation (8.2%). Antibiotics were the most commonly used drug class (38.5%). Among the individual drugs, β-lactam antibiotics were the most commonly implicated (16%). Most drugs causing ADRs were administered orally (67.5%). The causality of the reported ADRs was probable in 64.2%. Most of the reported ADRs were non-serious (91.2%). A total of 61% of patients experiencing ADRs recovered completely. Of the ADRs, 83.6% were mild, 51.6% were predictable, and 85.5% were not preventable. Most ADRs subsided after withdrawing the offending drug (66.7%).  Conclusion: Early detection of the causal relationship between drugs and adverse reactions is crucial for their effective management and prevention. 261 270 2025/07/122025/01/252025/02/172023/06/82025/01/212024/11/142025/04/162025/04/26 1404/2/6 2025/09/212025/07/192025/08/162025/04/262025/07/192025/08/162025/09/302025/09/21 1404/6/30 M R Manasa M R Manasa Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences Iran dr.manasamr@gmail.com Chaitanya Karant Chaitanya Karant Department of Pharmacology, Karwar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karwar, India. India chaithu.bargi18@gmail.com BVS Chandrasekhar BVS Chandrasekhar Department of Pharmacology, GSL Medical College and General Hospital, Rajahmundry, India. India sekharpharma9@gmail.com Swetha K Swetha K Department of Pharmacology, Yadgiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Yadgiri, India. India drswethak27@gmail.com Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) Causality Retrospective Prevention World Health Organization. Safety of medicines: A guide to detecting and reporting adverse drug reactions why health professionals need to take action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. [Link]##Arulmani R, Rajendran SD, Suresh B. Adverse drug reaction monitoring in a secondary care hospital in South India. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 65(2):210-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02993.x] [PMID]##Mangla R, Verma S, Gupta MC, Singhal S. Adverse drug reaction monitoring of commonly prescribed medicines in gynaecology patients in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Int J Health Sci Res. 2017; 7(11):111-7. [Link]##Patiyal N, Gautam A, Kansal D, Sood A, Chauhan A, Bodh S. Pattern of adverse drug effects reported by patients being treated in a tertiary healthcare institution in North India: A retrospective observational study. IP Int J Comprehensive Adv Pharmacol. 2022; 7(2):87-90. [DOI:10.18231/j.ijcaap.2022.016]##Singh H, Dulhani N, Kumar BN, Singh P, Tewari P, Nayak K. A Pharmacovigilance study in medicine department of tertiary care hospital in Chhattisgarh (Jagdalpur), India. J Young Pharm. 2010; 2(1):95-100. [DOI:10.4103/0975-1483.62222] [PMID]##World Health Organization. Medicines: Safety of medicines - adverse drug reactions. Geneva: WHO; 2008. [Link]##Agada PO, Eyong AK, Asukwo EO, Irene C. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in patients on antiretroviral therapy: a study of pharmaceutical care in HIV interventions in a tertiary health facility in southern Nigeria. Res Human Soc Sci. 2016; 6(14):103-7. [Link]##Joseph SG, Badyal DK. Spontaneous adverse drug reaction monitoring in a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. JK Sci. 2016; 18(2):103-6. [Link]##World Health Organization. The safety of medicines in public health programmes: Pharmacovigilance an essential tool. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. [Link]##World Health Organization. The Use of the WHO-UMC System for Standardised Case Causality Assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. [Link]##Hartwig SC, Siegel J, Schneider PJ. Preventability and severity assessment in reporting adverse drug reactions. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1992; 49:2229-32. [DOI:10.1093/ajhp/49.9.2229] [PMID]##Raut AL, Patel P, Patel C, Pawar A. Preventability, predictability and seriousness of adverse drug reactions amongst medicine inpatients in a teaching hospital: A prospective observational study. Int J Pharm Chem Sci. 2012; 1(3):1293-9.[Link]##Schumock GT, Thornton JP. Focusing on the preventability of adverse drug reactions. Hosp Pharm. 1992; 27(6):538. [PMID]##Prajapati H, Kansal D, Chaudhary UK. Pattern of adverse drug reactions in rural tertiary care medical college and hospital of Himachal Pradesh: A retrospective observational study. Indian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018; 5(1):4-6. [DOI:10.18231/2393-9087.2018.0002]##Gupta A, Kaur A, Shukla P, Chhabra H. Adverse Drug Reactions pattern in a tertiary level teaching hospital: A Retrospective Study. Indian J Pharm Pract. 2017; 10(1):27-31. [Link]##Bhattacharjee P, Das L, Ghosh R, Lalromawii, Das UK. Pattern of adverse drug reactions reported at a tertiary health care teaching hospital of Tripura: A retrospective study. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2016; 5(4):1293-99. [DOI:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20162177]##Singh A, Jain A, Soni M, Shukla P, Lahon J, Verma AK. Pattern of adverse drug reactions reported at a tertiary care teaching hospital in northern India. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2020; 9(4)625-32. [DOI:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20201189]##Behera SK, Rath B, Biswal SB, Mohapatra S. Pattern of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital in Western Odisha. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018; 9(6):2471-7. [Link]##Bhandare B, Shabeer D, Satyanarayana V. A study on adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital in Bangalore. Indian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017; 4(1):49-54. [Link]##Patidar D, Rajput MS, Nirmal NP, Savitri W. Implementation and evaluation of adverse drug reaction monitoring system in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai, India. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2013; 6(1):41-6. [DOI:10.2478/intox-2013-0008] [PMID]##Agrawal M, Hishikar R, Joshi U, Halwai A, Toddar TL, Khubchandani V. Adverse drug reaction scenario at ADR Monitoring Centre of Tertiary Teaching Hospital at Raipur. Indian J Pharm Pharmacol. 2015; 2(3):169-75. [Link]##Khan LM, Al-Harthi SE, Saadah OI. Adverse drug reactions in hospitalized pediatric patients of Saudi Arabian University Hospital and impact of pharmacovigilance in reporting ADR. Saudi Pharm J. 2013; 21(3):261-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsps.2012.09.004] [PMID]##Bhabhor PH, Patel TK, Vahora R, Patel PB, Desai N. Adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India: Analysis of spontaneously reported cases. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2017; 3(6):1078-85. [DOI:10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20141228]##Kaur M, Deb T, Kairi J, Arora A. A pharmacovigilance study of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital in Haryana. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2019; 8(10):2184–90.[DOI:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20194149]##Keche Y, Gaikwad N, Dhaneria S. Preventability, predictability, severity and causality assessment of adverse drug reactions reported from a teaching hospital in chhattisgarh: A retrospective analysis. J Family Med Prim Care. 2021; 10(7):2541-5. [DOI:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2374_20] [PMID]##Shamna M, Dilip C, Ajmal M, Linu PM, Shinu C, Jafer CP, et al. A prospective study on Adverse Drug Reactions of antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital. Saudi Pharm J. 2014; 22(4):303-8. [PMID]##Pathak AK, Kumar M, Dokania S, Mohan L, Dikshit H. A retrospective analysis of reporting of adverse drug reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital: One Year Survey. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016; 10(8):FC01-4. 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Adverse drug reactions reported to an ADR monitoring centre as a part of the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India: A retrospective analysis of 3-year data. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2023; 13(09):1893-7. [DOI:10.5455/njppp.2023.13.07344202323072023]##Sen M, Singh A, Misra M. Retrospective analysis of adverse drug reactions reported at ADR monitoring centre under PvPI in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2018; 7(2):303–8. [DOI:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180103]##James J, Rani J. A prospective study of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2020; 13(1):89-92. [DOI:10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i1.36028]##Sudha TYS, Vangoori Y, Varghese AV. A profile of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care teaching hospital and associated factors. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2021; 14(1):367-71. [DOI:10.13005/bpj/2135]##Vemuri VR. A retrospective and observational study of the adverse drug reactions reported in a tertiary care hospital. 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Urinary Incontinence During Sleep Associated With Buspirone: A Case Report 2 2 Background: Buspirone is an anxiolytic medication that selectively alleviates anxiety without the anticonvulsant, sedative, or muscle-relaxant effects associated with benzodiazepine. To the best of our knowledge, case reports of nocturnal urinary incontinence in buspirone users have not yet been published.  Case Report: We report a 52-year-old female patient with urinary incontinence during sleep (once or twice a week) associated with buspirone (10 mg/day). The patient’s nocturnal enuresis problem disappeared immediately after the discontinuation of buspirone.  Conclusion: The mechanism underlying this effect is known. These medications influence neurotransmitter systems that modulate bladder control, altering micturition patterns. Antidepressants affect central nervous system pathways that regulate bladder function, potentially decreasing inhibitory control and increasing detrusor muscle sensitivity. Reporting rare drug side effects is crucial for enhancing patient safety and improving pharmacovigilance.  271 276 2025/07/122025/01/252025/02/172023/06/82025/01/212024/11/142025/04/162025/04/262025/05/18 1404/2/28 2025/09/212025/07/192025/08/162025/04/262025/07/192025/08/162025/09/302025/09/212025/09/30 1404/7/8 Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran hosseinish20@gmail.com Hamed Ghazvini Hamed Ghazvini Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran hghazvini1@gmail.com Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran Seyedhoseini_sm@yahoo.com Raheleh Rafaiee Raheleh Rafaiee Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran rachel.rafaie@yahoo.com Urinary incontinence Nocturnal enuresis Buspirone Case reports Basile AS, Lippa AS, Skolnick P. Anxioselective anxiolytics: Can less be more? Eur J Pharmacol. 2004; 500(1-3):441-51. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.043] [PMID]##Gunter BW. Evaluation of the anxiolytic-like, abuse-related, and sedative/motor effects of benzodiazepine and neuroactive steroid combinations in rats [PhD dissertation]. Mississippi: University of Mississippi Medical Center; 2015. [Link]##Smith ALW, Harmer CJ, Cowen PJ, Murphy SE. The Serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor as a pharmacological target in depression. CNS Drugs. 2023; 37(7):571-85. [DOI:10.1007/s40263-023-01014-7] [PMID]##Dhavalshankh AG, Dhavalshankh GP. Psychopharmacological Profile of Buspirone: A critical overview. 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