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Lipid Nanocarrier Gel: Promising Novel Drug Delivery System 2 2 Background: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are advanced colloidal drug delivery systems composed of a mixture of solid and liquid lipids. Compared to metallic or polymeric nanoparticles, NLCs are considered safer, non-toxic, and biocompatible, making them highly suitable for pharmaceutical applications. Objectives: This study aimed to provide an in-depth overview of NLCs, focusing on their composition, structural characteristics, methods of preparation, advantages, and recent advancements, particularly in the formulation of lipid nanocarrier-based gels. Methods: NLCs are formulated using various techniques, such as high-pressure homogenization, solvent evaporation, and microemulsion methods. These approaches, along with the use of appropriate solid and liquid lipids and surfactants, enable the customization of NLCs for specific therapeutic needs. The study reviewed recent literature to assess the performance and potential of NLCs in drug delivery. Results: NLCs exhibit improved stability, enhanced drug loading, controlled and sustained drug release, and increased permeability of poorly water-soluble drugs. These characteristics make them effective for targeted delivery in the treatment of chronic and complex conditions, such as cancer, infections, neurological disorders, diabetes, hypertension, and pain management. Additionally, their application in gel-based formulations supports long-term treatment of skin and wound-related disorders. Conclusion: Due to their biocompatibility, stability, and versatility, NLCs represent a promising platform for innovative drug delivery. However, comprehensive clinical evaluation of their long-term safety, toxicity, and bio-compatibility is essential. This review highlights the structure, classification, ingredients, formulation methods, and recent advancements in NLC technology, underlining their growing role in modern therapeutics. 81 94 2025/02/8 1403/11/20 2025/06/2 1404/3/12 Shivam Singh Shivam Singh Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India. Iran shivamchotu08@gmail.com Arpita Singh Arpita Singh Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India. Iran arpitmohan2010@gmail.com Ritunja Singh Ritunja Singh Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India. Iran ritunja4@gmail.com Anupama Maurya Anupama Maurya Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India. Iran anupamamaurya1997@gmail.com Urmila Nishad Urmila Nishad Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India. Iran nishadurmila1994@gmail.com Priyanka Tyagi Priyanka Tyagi Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India. Iran tyagipriyanka20@gmail.com Harshit Yadav Harshit Yadav Department of Pharmaceutics, Seth Vishambhar Nath Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, India. Iran harshityadav31081997@gmail.com Nanocarrier Lipid Bioavailability Lipid Nanocarriers (LNCs) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) Ezike TC, Okpala US, Onoja UL, Nwike CP, Ezeako EC, Okpara OJ, et al. Advances in drug delivery systems, challenges and future directions. Heliyon. 2023; 9(6):e17488. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17488] [PMID] ##Jain KK. Drug delivery systems - an overview. Methods Mol Biol. 2008; 437:1-50. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-59745-210-6_1] [PMID]##Homayun B, Lin X, Choi HJ. Challenges and recent progress in oral drug delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(3):129. [DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics11030129] [PMID] ##Lee VH, Dodda-Kashi S, Grass GM, Rubas W. 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Appl Mater Today. 2023; 31:101754. [DOI:10.1016/j.apmt.2023.101754]##Carvajal-Vidal P, González-Pizarro R, Araya C, Espina M, Halbaut L, Gómez de Aranda I, et al. Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with Halobetasol propionate for topical treatment of inflammation: Development, characterization, biopharmaceutical behavior and therapeutic efficacy of gel dosage forms. Int J Pharm. 2020; 585:119480. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119480] [PMID]##Luzzati V, Tardieu A, Gulik-Krzywicki T. Polymorphism of lipids. Nature. 1968; 217(5133):1028-30. [DOI:10.1038/2171028a0] [PMID]##Vetten MA, Yah CS, Singh T, Gulumian M. Challenges facing sterilization and depyrogenation of nanoparticles: effects on structural stability and biomedical applications. Nanomedicine. 2014; 10(7):1391-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.nano.2014.03.017] [PMID]##Packer M, Gyawali D, Yerabolu R, Schariter J, White P. A novel mechanism for the loss of mRNA activity in lipid nanoparticle delivery systems. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1):6777. 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Valsartan and Amlodipine Improved Haematological and Biochemical Indices of Vildagliptin-treated Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats 2 2 Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension often coexist in sufferers, which exacerbates the complications of DM. Also, the impacts of antihypertensive medications on the treatment outcomes of DM are not fully understood.  Objectives: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of valsartan and amlodipine on the hematological and biochemical differentials of vildagliptin-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.  Methods: DM was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight). The animals were grouped as non-diabetic rats (control), untreated diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with 5 mg/kg vildagliptin only, 5 mg/kg plus 30 mg/kg of vildagliptin and valsartan, respectively, and 5 mg/kg plus 2.5 mg/kg of vildagliptin and amlodipine, respectively. Drugs were administered orally, and rats were treated daily for three weeks. Then, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses.  Results: The addition of amlodipine and valsartan as adjuncts to vildagliptin appeared to alter the evaluated differentials compared to vildagliptin treatment alone. Furthermore, the assessment of renal and liver functions, as well as the lipid profile, showed that treatment with valsartan as an adjunct improved the outcomes.  Conclusion: Our findings therefore suggest that amlodipine and valsartan brought about significant alterations in the differentials of diabetic rats treated with vildagliptin.  95 104 2025/02/82024/10/12 1403/7/21 2025/06/22025/04/30 1404/2/10 Israel Olapeju Bolanl Israel Olapeju Bolanl Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran Osayemwenre Erharuyi Osayemwenre Erharuyi Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran osayemwenre.erharuyi@uniben.edu Abigail M. Akhigbemen Abigail M. Akhigbemen Department of Pharmacy, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran abigail.omo-isibor@uniben.edu Amenaghawon Imuetinyan Ugiagbe Amenaghawon Imuetinyan Ugiagbe Department of Pharmacy, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran ugiagbeamenaghawon@gmail.com Edobor Ekugum Edobor Ekugum Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Edo State Polytechnic Usen, Usen, Nigeria. Iran edis55ng@gmail.com Samuel O. Nwusulor Samuel O. Nwusulor Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran ozoemenanwusulor@gmail.com Keziah E. Adudu Keziah E. Adudu Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran keziahadudu@gmail.com Abiodun Falodun Abiodun Falodun Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran faloabi@uniben.edu Diabetes mellitus (DM) Hypertension Vildagliptin Amlodipine Valsartan Arokiasamy P, Salvi S, Selvamani Y. Global burden of diabetes mellitus. In: Haring R, Kickbusch I, Ganten D, Moeti M, editors. Handbook of global health. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_28-1]##Lovic D, Piperidou A, Zografou I, Grassos H, Pittaras A, Manolis A. The growing epidemic of diabetes mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020; 18(2):104-9. [DOI:10.2174/1570161117666190405165911] [PMID]##Hossain MJ, Al-Mamun M, Islam MR. Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: Early detection should be focused. Health Sci Rep. 2024; 7(3):e2004. [DOI:10.1002/hsr2.2004] [PMID] ##Mancia G. The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction. Acta Diabetol. 2005; 42(Suppl 1):S17-25. [DOI:10.1007/s00592-005-0177-z] [PMID]##Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. [Link]##Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Deswal A, Dunbar SB, Francis GS, Horwich T, et al. Contributory risk and management of comorbidities of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in chronic heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016; 134(23):e535-78. [DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000450]##Bolanle IO, Omogbai EKI, Bafor EE. Effects of amlodipine and valsartan on glibenclamide-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 106:566-574. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.152] [PMID]##Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Julius S. Risk/benefit assessment of beta-blockers and diuretics precludes their use for first-line therapy in hypertension. Circulation. 2008; 117(20):2706-15. [DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.695007] [PMID]##Zappe DH, Sowers JR, Hsueh WA, Haffner SM, Deedwania PC, Fonseca VA, et al. Metabolic and antihypertensive effects of combined angiotensin receptor blocker and diuretic therapy in prediabetic hypertensive patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Clin Hypertens. 2008; 10(12):894-903. [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.00054.x] [PMID] ##Wen H, Lin S. [Renal protective effect of valsartan in diabetic rats (Chinese)]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 1999; 38(3):157-60. [PMID]##Cure E, Cumhur Cure M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may be harmful in patients with diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(4):349-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.019] [PMID] ##Ahrén B, Schweizer A, Dejager S, Villhauer EB, Dunning BE, Foley JE. Mechanisms of action of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011; 13(9):775-83. [DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01414.x] [PMID]##Abraham HM, White CM, White WB. The comparative efficacy and safety of the angiotensin receptor blockers in the management of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Drug Saf. 2015; 38(1):33-54. [DOI:10.1007/s40264-014-0239-7] [PMID] ##Oparil S, Giles T, Ofili EO, Pitt B, Seifu Y, Hilkert R, et al. Moderate versus intensive treatment of hypertension with amlodipine/valsartan for patients uncontrolled on angiotensin receptor blocker monotherapy. J Hypertens. 2011; 29(1):161-70. [DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834000a7] [PMID] ##Bolanle IO, Akhigbemen AM, Omogbai EK. Amlodipine-and valsartan-enhanced end organ protection in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats treated with metformin. JMPAS. 2023; 20(1):3859-67. [Link]##Owolabi OJ, Omogbai EK. Effect of metformin on potassium-adapted and nonadapted diabetic rats. Trop J Pharm Res. 2012; 11(5):747-52. [DOI:10.4314/tjpr.v11i5.7]##Abell LL, Levy BB, Brodie BB, Kendall FE. A simplified method for the estimation of total cholesterol in serum and demonstration of its specificity. Trop J Pharm Res. 1952; 1952:357-66. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50907-3]##Jacobs N, Vandermark PJ. Determination of serum triacylglycerol. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1960; 88(2):250-61. [DOI:10.1016/0003-9861(60)90230-7]##Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18(6):499-502. [DOI:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499] [PMID]##Bolanle IO, Omogbai EK, Bafor EE. Amlodipine and valsartan improving effect on the survival rate and deleterious pathological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with metformin. PBR. Pharm Biomed. 2019; 5(2):25. [DOI:10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1582]##Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957; 28(1):56-63. [DOI:10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56] [PMID]##Schmidt E, Schmidt FW. Determination of serum GOT and GPT. Enzyme Biol Clin. 1963; 3(1):1. [DOI:10.1159/000458038]##Van Slyke DD, Neill JM. The determination of gases in blood and other solutions by vacuum extraction and manometric measurement I. J Biol Chem. 1924; 61(2):523-73. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)85145-6]##Schales O, Schales SS. A simple and accurate method for the determination of chloride in biological fluids. J Biol Chem. 1941; 140(5):879-82. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72872-X]##Margoshes M, Vallee BL. Flame photometry and spectrometry; principles and applications. Methods Biochem Anal. 1956; 3:353-407. [DOI:10.1002/9780470110195.ch12] [PMID]##Tietz NW. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. [Link]##Waeber B, Feihl F, Ruilope L. Diabetes and hypertension. Blood Press. 2001; 10(5-6):311-21. [DOI:10.1080/080370501753400610] [PMID]##Mytas DZ, Stougiannos PN, Zairis MN, Foussas SG, Pyrgakis VN, Kyriazis IA. Diabetic myocardial disease: Pathophysiology, early diagnosis and therapeutic options. J Diabetes Complications. 2009; 23(4):273-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.12.005] [PMID]##Kaplan NM. Primary hypertension: Natural history, special population, and evaluation. Clin Hypertens; 1994. [Link]##Long AN, Dagogo-Jack S. Comorbidities of diabetes and hypertension: Mechanisms and approach to target organ protection. J Clin Hypertens. 2011; 13(4):244-51. [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00434.x] [PMID] ##Bolzán AD, Bianchi MS. Genotoxicity of streptozotocin. 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Improvement of insulin sensitivity by perindopril in spontaneously hypertensive and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2002; 34(3):156-64. [Link]##Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2001; 286(3):327-34 [DOI:10.1001/jama.286.3.327] [PMID]##Sattar N, Gaw A, Scherbakova O, Ford I, O'Reilly DS, Haffner SM, et al. Metabolic syndrome with and without C-reactive protein as a predictor of coronary heart disease and diabetes in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study. Circulation. 2003; 108(4):414-9. [DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000080897.52664.94] [PMID]##Giubilato S, Liuzzo G, Brugaletta S, Pitocco D, Graziani F, Smaldone C, et al. Expansion of CD4+CD28null T-lymphocytes in diabetic patients: Exploring new pathogenetic mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus. Eur Heart J. 2011; 32(10):1214-26. 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The effects of valsartan treatment on visfatin levels and lipid profiles in newly diagnosed hypertensives. Turk J Med Sci. 2013; 43(1):57-62. [DOI:10.3906/sag-1112-50]##Koh KK, Lim S, Choi H, Lee Y, Han SH, Lee K, et al. Combination pravastatin and valsartan treatment has additive beneficial effects to simultaneously improve both metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes beyond that of monotherapy with either drug in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes. 2013; 62(10):3547-52. [DOI:10.2337/db13-0566] [PMID]## ##

In-silico Analysis and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Synthesized Amide Derivatives of Long-chain Fatty Acids 2 2 Background: The search for more active and less toxic anti-inflammatory drugs is the desire of every medicinal chemist. Amide derivatives of fatty acids (FAs) have diverse biological functions. Objectives: The search for more active and less toxic anti-inflammatory drugs is the desire of every medicinal chemist. Amide derivatives of FAs have diverse biological functions. Methods: The current study conducted an in-silico molecular docking analysis using PDB ID: 6DII on synthesized amide derivatives of long-chain FAs (LCFAs) and evaluated and correlated their anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive biological mechanisms with those of acetylsalicylic acid as a standard. The synthesis was achieved using glycine, β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and palmitoyl chloride. The raw paw edema model was used to assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.  Results: The anti-inflammatory assessment revealed a dose-dependent bioactivity from 20 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg; further increments in the dose led to decreased activity. For the analgesic activity, at 100 mg/kg, N-palmitoyl glycine exhibited 83.2% inhibition of writhing compared to 74.3% inhibition of the standard drug, aspirin (100 mg/kg). The molecular docking studies showed that N-palmitoyl alanine had the highest protein binding affinity, followed by N-palmitoyl, GABA, and N-palmitoyl glycine, higher than acetylsalicylic acid. The compounds interacted with the protein via specific functional groups and protein amino acid residues. Conclusion: The ability of these amide derivatives of LCFAs to biologically inhibit the inflammatory and nociceptive pathways could be attributed to the presence of N-H, C=O, and OH groups, which bind to the GLY-255, THR-300, GLY-302, and ASP-207 residues. 105 114 2025/02/82024/10/122024/12/6 1403/9/16 2025/06/22025/04/302025/05/26 1404/3/5 Samuel J. Bunu Samuel J. Bunu Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria. Iran amuelbunu2@gmail.com Haruna Baba Haruna Baba Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Calabar, University of Calabar, Nigeria. Iran babharun1@gmail.com Deghinmotei Alfred-Ugbenbo Deghinmotei Alfred-Ugbenbo Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Nigeria. Iran audeghinmotei@gmail.com Nociception Anti-inflammatory Agents Nociceptive Carrageenan-induced edema Molecular mechanisms Arokiasamy P, Salvi S, Selvamani Y. Global burden of diabetes mellitus. In: Haring R, Kickbusch I, Ganten D, Moeti M, editors. Handbook of global health. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-05325-3_28-1]##Lovic D, Piperidou A, Zografou I, Grassos H, Pittaras A, Manolis A. The growing epidemic of diabetes mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020; 18(2):104-9. [DOI:10.2174/1570161117666190405165911] [PMID]##Hossain MJ, Al-Mamun M, Islam MR. Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: Early detection should be focused. Health Sci Rep. 2024; 7(3):e2004. [DOI:10.1002/hsr2.2004] [PMID] ##Mancia G. The association of hypertension and diabetes: prevalence, cardiovascular risk and protection by blood pressure reduction. Acta Diabetol. 2005; 42(Suppl 1):S17-25. [DOI:10.1007/s00592-005-0177-z] [PMID]##Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. [Link]##Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Deswal A, Dunbar SB, Francis GS, Horwich T, et al. Contributory risk and management of comorbidities of hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in chronic heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016; 134(23):e535-78. [DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000450]##Bolanle IO, Omogbai EKI, Bafor EE. Effects of amlodipine and valsartan on glibenclamide-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 106:566-574. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.152] [PMID]##Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Julius S. Risk/benefit assessment of beta-blockers and diuretics precludes their use for first-line therapy in hypertension. Circulation. 2008; 117(20):2706-15. [DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.695007] [PMID]##Zappe DH, Sowers JR, Hsueh WA, Haffner SM, Deedwania PC, Fonseca VA, et al. Metabolic and antihypertensive effects of combined angiotensin receptor blocker and diuretic therapy in prediabetic hypertensive patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Clin Hypertens. 2008; 10(12):894-903. [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.00054.x] [PMID] ##Wen H, Lin S. [Renal protective effect of valsartan in diabetic rats (Chinese)]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 1999; 38(3):157-60. [PMID]##Cure E, Cumhur Cure M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may be harmful in patients with diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(4):349-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.019] [PMID] ##Ahrén B, Schweizer A, Dejager S, Villhauer EB, Dunning BE, Foley JE. Mechanisms of action of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011; 13(9):775-83. [DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01414.x] [PMID]##Abraham HM, White CM, White WB. The comparative efficacy and safety of the angiotensin receptor blockers in the management of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Drug Saf. 2015; 38(1):33-54. [DOI:10.1007/s40264-014-0239-7] [PMID] ##Oparil S, Giles T, Ofili EO, Pitt B, Seifu Y, Hilkert R, et al. Moderate versus intensive treatment of hypertension with amlodipine/valsartan for patients uncontrolled on angiotensin receptor blocker monotherapy. J Hypertens. 2011; 29(1):161-70. [DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834000a7] [PMID] ##Bolanle IO, Akhigbemen AM, Omogbai EK. Amlodipine-and valsartan-enhanced end organ protection in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats treated with metformin. JMPAS. 2023; 20(1):3859-67. [Link]##Owolabi OJ, Omogbai EK. Effect of metformin on potassium-adapted and nonadapted diabetic rats. Trop J Pharm Res. 2012; 11(5):747-52. [DOI:10.4314/tjpr.v11i5.7]##Abell LL, Levy BB, Brodie BB, Kendall FE. A simplified method for the estimation of total cholesterol in serum and demonstration of its specificity. Trop J Pharm Res. 1952; 1952:357-66. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50907-3]##Jacobs N, Vandermark PJ. Determination of serum triacylglycerol. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1960; 88(2):250-61. [DOI:10.1016/0003-9861(60)90230-7]##Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18(6):499-502. [DOI:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499] [PMID]##Bolanle IO, Omogbai EK, Bafor EE. Amlodipine and valsartan improving effect on the survival rate and deleterious pathological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with metformin. PBR. Pharm Biomed. 2019; 5(2):25. [DOI:10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1582]##Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957; 28(1):56-63. [DOI:10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56] [PMID]##Schmidt E, Schmidt FW. Determination of serum GOT and GPT. Enzyme Biol Clin. 1963; 3(1):1. [DOI:10.1159/000458038]##Van Slyke DD, Neill JM. The determination of gases in blood and other solutions by vacuum extraction and manometric measurement I. J Biol Chem. 1924; 61(2):523-73. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)85145-6]##Schales O, Schales SS. A simple and accurate method for the determination of chloride in biological fluids. J Biol Chem. 1941; 140(5):879-82. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72872-X]##Margoshes M, Vallee BL. Flame photometry and spectrometry; principles and applications. Methods Biochem Anal. 1956; 3:353-407. [DOI:10.1002/9780470110195.ch12] [PMID]##Tietz NW. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. [Link]##Waeber B, Feihl F, Ruilope L. Diabetes and hypertension. Blood Press. 2001; 10(5-6):311-21. [DOI:10.1080/080370501753400610] [PMID]##Mytas DZ, Stougiannos PN, Zairis MN, Foussas SG, Pyrgakis VN, Kyriazis IA. Diabetic myocardial disease: Pathophysiology, early diagnosis and therapeutic options. J Diabetes Complications. 2009; 23(4):273-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.12.005] [PMID]##Kaplan NM. Primary hypertension: Natural history, special population, and evaluation. Clin Hypertens; 1994. [Link]##Long AN, Dagogo-Jack S. Comorbidities of diabetes and hypertension: Mechanisms and approach to target organ protection. J Clin Hypertens. 2011; 13(4):244-51. [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00434.x] [PMID] ##Bolzán AD, Bianchi MS. Genotoxicity of streptozotocin. Mutat Res. 2002; 512(2-3):121-34. [DOI:10.1016/S1383-5742(02)00044-3] [PMID]##Srinivasan K, Viswanad B, Asrat L, Kaul CL, Ramarao P. Combination of high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: A model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening. Pharmacol Res. 2005; 52(4):313-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.05.004] [PMID]##Mehdi U, Toto RD. Anemia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(7):1320-6. 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Serum alkaline phosphatase in diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr. 1986; 5(1):55-9. [DOI:10.1080/07315724.1986.1072011] [PMID]##Hussein O, Shneider J, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. Valsartan therapy has additive anti-oxidative effect to that of fluvastatin therapy against low-density lipoprotein oxidation: studies in hypercholesterolemic and hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2002; 40(1):28-34. [DOI:10.1097/00005344-200207000-00004] [PMID]##Atacan I, Parlak A, Aydoğan Ü, Sari O, Gök DE, Cayci T, et al. The effects of valsartan treatment on visfatin levels and lipid profiles in newly diagnosed hypertensives. Turk J Med Sci. 2013; 43(1):57-62. [DOI:10.3906/sag-1112-50]##Koh KK, Lim S, Choi H, Lee Y, Han SH, Lee K, et al. Combination pravastatin and valsartan treatment has additive beneficial effects to simultaneously improve both metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes beyond that of monotherapy with either drug in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. 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Wound Healing Properties of Cyperus Papyrus Ethanolic Extract in Wister Albino Rats 2 2 Background: Cyperus papyrus has been used to treat various health problems, such as ulcers and inflammation. Its possible use to promote healing, especially in the case of wounds, is still a topic that lacks thorough research.  Objectives: This study assessed the wound-healing effect of the ethanolic extract of C. papyrus in Wistar rats using an excision wound model.  Methods: The ethanolic extract of C. papyrus was made into gels at concentrations of 5% and 10%. Excisional wounds were induced on the dorsal of Wistar rats, which were treated topically with the gels twice daily. The effects of the treatment were evaluated through macroscopic measurements of wound contraction daily, histopathological analysis, and regeneration assessment by day 14.  Results: Wounds treated with C. papyrus gel at both concentrations of 5% and 10% showed increased rates of wound contraction when compared to the control group and the 10% formulation showed the most pronounced effect. Staining identifiable changes were noted that suggested enhanced epithelialization, advanced collagen maturation, inflammatory exocytosis within lower ranges of collagen deposition in the left interstitial tissue, and a decrease in the remaining inflammatory cells.  Conclusion: Using a 10% gel of C. papyrus extract through a topical procedure may increase the rate of wound healing in rats. This is probably due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the extract. These results confirm its effectiveness for further development of herbal therapeutic medicines to promote wound healing.  115 124 2025/02/82024/10/122024/12/62024/06/27 1403/4/7 2025/06/22025/04/302025/05/262025/05/27 1404/3/6 Mohammed Ali Khalifa Ahmed Mohammed Ali Khalifa Ahmed Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan. Iran mmali198939@oiu.edu.sd Amna Elhassan Hamad Mohammad Amna Elhassan Hamad Mohammad Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan. Iran amna.elhassan@gmail.com Basher Mohamed Ahmed Basher Mohamed Ahmed Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan. Iran b.eltegani@gmail.com Bashir A. Yousef Bashir A. Yousef Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan. Iran Cyperus papyrus Healing of wounds Extracts of herbs Model of excision He Q, Chen Y, Wang Z, He H, Yu P. Cellular uptake, metabolism and sensing of long-chain fatty acids. Front Biosci. 2023; 28(1):10. [DOI:10.31083/j.fbl2801010] [PMID]##Pinkosky SL, Scott JW, Desjardins EM, Smith BK, Day EA, Ford RJ, et al. Long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters regulate metabolism via allosteric control of AMPK β1 isoforms. Nat Metab. 2020; 2(9):873-81. [DOI:10.1038/s42255-020-0245-2] [PMID] ##Faergeman NJ, Knudsen J. Role of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters in the regulation of metabolism and in cell signalling. Biochem J. 1997; 323(Pt 1):1-12. [DOI:10.1042/bj3230001] [PMID] ##Sassa T, Kihara A. Metabolism of very long-chain fatty acids: Genes and pathophysiology. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2014; 22(2):83-92. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.017] [PMID]##Bortz WM, Lynen F. The inhibition of acetyl coa carboxylase by long chain acyl coa derivatives. Biochem Z. 1963; 337:505-9. [PMID]##Stahl A. A current review of fatty acid transport proteins (SLC27). Pflugers Arch. 2004; 447(5):722-7. [DOI:10.1007/s00424-003-1106-z] [PMID]##Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free fatty acid receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2020; 100(1):171-210. [DOI:10.1152/physrev.00041.2018] [PMID]##Roe K. An inflammation classification system using cytokine parameters. Scand J Immunol. 2021; 93(2):e12970. [DOI:10.1111/sji.12970] [PMID]##Bhandari S, Bisht KS, Merkler DJ. The biosynthesis and metabolism of the N-acylated aromatic amino acids: N-acylphenylalanine, N-acyltyrosine, N-acyltryptophan, and N-acylhistidine. Front Mol Biosci. 2022; 8:801749. [DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2021.801749] [PMID] ##Baba H, Usifoh CO, Nwid LL. Synthesis of some long chain fatty acid amide derivatives with possible anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect. West Afr J Pharm. 2014; 25(1):1-8. [Link]##Jacob BB, Baba H, Oluwadiya JO. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of some cinnamic acid derivatives. Niger J Pharm Res. 2020; 16(1):1-8.1 [DOI:10.4314/njpr.v16i1.1]##Bunu SJ, Alfred-Ugbenbo DE, Miediegha OY, Baba HA. Characterization and molecular docking of cinnamic acid derivatives: Potential inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase enzymes. Innovare J Life Sci. 2023; 11:41-6. [DOI:10.22159/ijls.2023.v11i1.49501]##Bunu SJ, Miediegha O, Awala EV, Alfred Ugbenbo D, Baba H, Usifoh CO. Synthesis and in silico analysis of chalcone derivatives as potential prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2024; 55(2):46709-20. [DOI:10.26717/BJSTR.2024.55.008662]##Awala EV, Bunu SJ, Haruna B, Oluwadiya JO. Synthesis, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of epoxide and 4-methoxy-and 4, 6-diphenyl-2-thiopyrimidine derivatives of chalcones. Scholars Acad J Pharm. 2019; 8(8):436-2. [DOI:10.21276/sajp.2019.8.8.9]##Dode E, Bunu SJ, Garando OR. Assessment of different brands of diclofenac tablets: An evaluation utilizing uv spectroscopy and disintegration test methods. World J Bio Pharm Health Sci. 2023; 14(2):1-6. [DOI:10.30574/wjbphs.2023.14.2.0201]##Battista N, Bari M, Bisogno T. N-acyl amino acids: Metabolism, molecular targets, and role in biological processes. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(12):822. [DOI:10.3390/biom9120822] [PMID] ##Aziz M, Chapman KD. Fatty acid amide hydrolases: an expanded capacity for chemical communication? Trends Plant Sci. 2020; 25(3):236-49. [DOI:10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.002] [PMID]##Wang YS, Shrestha R, Kilaru A, Wiant W, Venables BJ, Chapman KD, et al. Manipulation of arabidopsis fatty acid amide hydrolase expression modifies plant growth and sensitivity to N-acylethanolamines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103(32):12197-202. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0603571103] [PMID] ##Vaikosen EN, Bunu JS, Miediegha O, Chilaka UP, Echendu CE, Usifoh CO. 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Caffeine Modulates Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Model of Parkinson’s Disease in Female Mice 2 2 Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by dopaminergic neuron loss, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, leading to progressive motor dysfunction. Current treatments provide symptomatic relief but do not halt disease progression. Caffeine, a widely consumed neurostimulant, has been linked to a reduced risk of PD and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.  Objectives: We investigated the effects of caffeine on motor performance, biochemical markers, and immunohistochemical changes in an MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced model of PD in female Swiss mice.  Methods: Twenty-five female mice were used, with 20 injected intraperitoneally (ip) with MPTP to induce PD. The mice were divided into five groups (n=5): Healthy controls, MPTP-induced PD, L-Dopa, 10 mg/kg caffeine, and 5 mg/kg caffeine for three weeks. Behavioral tests, including the pole test, beam test, and open field maze assessed motor activity and anxiety. Brain, liver, and heart tissues were analyzed for antioxidant, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers. Brain tissues were also examined for immunohistochemistry, assessing microglial activation, TH, and α-synuclein to measure dopamine loss.  Results: Caffeine administration significantly (P<0.05) improved motor performance and decreased anxiety compared to MPTP-induced mice. Biochemical analyses of brain tissue showed that caffeine enhanced antioxidant activity by increasing the levels of catalase and glutathione while decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress. Caffeine also significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and IL-1α in the brain tissue, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. Serum biochemical analyses indicated increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, elevated catalase activity, and reduced MDA levels in caffeine-treated groups. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant reduction in the expression of α-synuclein and microglial activation and preservation of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra following caffeine treatment.  Conclusion: Caffeine exerts protective effects against motor dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in an MPTP-induced model of PD, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing PD.  125 138 2025/02/82024/10/122024/12/62024/06/272024/12/13 1403/9/23 2025/06/22025/04/302025/05/262025/05/272025/05/27 1404/3/6 Aminat Omolola Imam-Fulani Aminat Omolola Imam-Fulani Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran imamfulani.ao@unilorin.edu.ng Abdulrahman Olanrewaju Shuaib Abdulrahman Olanrewaju Shuaib Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran aoshuaib@alhikmah.edu.ng Lateefah Omotoyosi Olajide Lateefah Omotoyosi Olajide Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran latolajide@gmail.com Halimat Oluwakemi Afolabi Halimat Oluwakemi Afolabi Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran afolabihalimat27@gmail.com Jerry Inyang Jerry Inyang Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran jerprog0@gmail.com Oluwadamilola Onoshi Onoshi Oluwadamilola Onoshi Onoshi Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran damilolaonoshi06@gmail.com Taofeekat Temitope Ogunsesan Taofeekat Temitope Ogunsesan Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran temitopetaofeekat@gmail.com Oyindamola Bisola Adekunle Oyindamola Bisola Adekunle Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran adeoyin97@gmail.com Taiwo Elijah Eso Taiwo Elijah Eso Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran teezy577@gmail.com Oluwaseyi Deborah Babatunde Oluwaseyi Deborah Babatunde Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran oluwafunmilayodebbie24@gmail.com Edwin Ayolola Makanjuola Edwin Ayolola Makanjuola Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran Edwinmakanjuola@gmail.com Olamilekan Abdulfatai Alimi Olamilekan Abdulfatai Alimi Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran olamilekanola18@gmail.com Hafeez Ajibola Olorunoje Hafeez Ajibola Olorunoje Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran hafeezolorunoje@gmail.com Kamaldeen Olalekan Sanusi Kamaldeen Olalekan Sanusi Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria. Iran sanusikamaldeen@yahoo.com Caffeine Parkinson’s disease (PD) Neuroprotection Oxidative stress Neuroinflammation Nagori BP, Solanki R. Role of medicinal plants in wound healing. Res J Med Plant. 2011; 5(4):392-405. [DOI:10.3923/rjmp.2011.392.405]##Ghildiyal S, Gautam MK, Joshi VK, Goel RK. Wound healing and antimicrobial activity of two classical formulations of Laghupanchamula in rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2015; 6(4):241-7. [DOI:10.4103/0975-9476.157952] [PMID] ##Sathyanarayanan S, Muniyandi K, George E, Sivaraj D, Sasidharan SP, Thangaraj P. Chemical profiling of Pterolobium hexapetalum leaves by HPLC analysis and its productive wound healing activities in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 95:287-97. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.062] [PMID]##Raina R, Parwez S, Verma PK, Pankaj NK. Medicinal plants and their role in wound healing. Online Veterinary J. 2008; 3(1):21. [Link]##Oguntibeju OO. Medicinal plants and their effects on diabetic wound healing. Vet World. 2019; 12(5):653-63. [DOI:10.14202/vetworld.2019.653-663] [PMID] ##Kakarla L, Mathi P, Allu PR, Rama C, Botlagunta M. Identification of human cyclooxegenase-2 inhibitors from Cyperus scariosus (R.Br) rhizomes. Bioinformation. 2014; 10(10):637-46. [DOI:10.6026/97320630010637] [PMID] ##Ahmat NB, Zain WZ, Abdullah NA, Ramli NW, Hamid NA. Insecticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemistry of Cyperus species–a review. Int J Agr For Plant. 2021; 11. [Link]##Swoboda L, Held J. Impaired wound healing in diabetes. J Wound Care. 2022; 31(10):882-5. [DOI:10.12968/jowc.2022.31.10.882] [PMID]##Salazar JJ, Ennis WJ, Koh TJ. Diabetes medications: Impact on inflammation and wound healing. J Diabetes Complications. 2016; 30(4):746-52. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.12.017] [PMID] ##Sukhdev SH. An overview of extraction techniques for medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Sukhdev SH, Suman PSK, Gennaro L, Dev DR, editors. Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International centre for Science and High Technology; 2008.##Toppo FA, Pawar RS. Development, optimization and evaluation of different herbal formulations for wound healing. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015; 7:447-52. [Link]##Gul Satar NY, Cangul IT, Topal A, Kurt H, Ipek V, Onel GI. The effects of Tarantula cubensis venom on open wound healing in rats. J Wound Care. 2017; 26(2):66-71. [DOI:10.12968/jowc.2017.26.2.66] [PMID]##Khalifa MA, Mohammad AE, Ahmed BM. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of cyperus papyrus ash on wistar albino rats. Pharm Biomed Res. 2022; 8(4):279-90. [DOI:10.32598/PBR.8.4.1021.1]##Mori HM, Kawanami H, Kawahata H, Aoki M. Wound healing potential of lavender oil by acceleration of granulation and wound contraction through induction of TGF-β in a rat model. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016; 16:144. [DOI:10.1186/s12906-016-1128-7] [PMID] ##Abul Barkat H, Abul Barkat M, Ali R, Hadi H, Kasmuri AR. Old Wine in new Bottles: Silver Sulfadiazine Nanotherapeutics for Burn Wound Management. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2023; 2023:15347346231166980. [DOI:10.1177/15347346231166980] [PMID]##Zulkefli N, Che Zahari CNM, Sayuti NH, Kamarudin AA, Saad N, Hamezah HS, et al. Flavonoids as potential wound-healing molecules: Emphasis on pathways perspective. Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(5):4607. [DOI:10.3390/ijms24054607] [PMID] ##Mehta AB, Nadkarni NJ, Patil SP, Godse KV, Gautam M, Agarwal S. Topical corticosteroids in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016; 82(4):371-8. [DOI:10.4103/0378-6323.178903] [PMID]##Su X, Liu X, Wang S, Li B, Pan T, Liu D, et al. Wound-healing promoting effect of total tannins from Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. in rats. Burns. 2017; 43(4):830-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2016.10.010] [PMID]##Men SY, Huo QL, Shi L, Yan Y, Yang CC, Yu W, et al. Panax notoginseng saponins promotes cutaneous wound healing and suppresses scar formation in mice. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020; 19(2):529-34. [DOI:10.1111/jocd.13042] [PMID]## ##

Antihypertensive Potential of Euphorbia hirta and Leptadenia hastata in Adrenaline-induced Wistar Rats 2 2 Background: Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide, contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The use of plant-based therapies, such as Euphorbia hirta and Leptadenia hastata, has gained attention for their potential antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, and organ-protective effects.  Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the phytotherapeutic approach to hypertension using E. hirta and L. hastata extracts in adrenaline-induced hypertensive Wistar rats Methods: Utilizing an adrenaline-induced hypertensive rat model, we assessed the effects of E. hirta and L. hastata leaf extracts (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) on systolic blood pressure, renal function, lipid metabolism, and hematological parameters. Results: Antioxidant activity: Increased levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Lipid profiles: Reduced levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol. Liver function tests (LFTs): Decreased levels of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. Hematological parameters: Improved red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume (PCV). Conclusion: This preclinical investigation provides compelling evidence for the antihypertensive potential of E. hirta and L. hastata leaf extracts, validating their traditional use. These findings underscore the promise of these natural products as adjunctive therapeutics for hypertension management, warranting further clinical investigation. 139 146 2025/02/82024/10/122024/12/62024/06/272024/12/132024/11/12 1403/8/22 2025/06/22025/04/302025/05/262025/05/272025/05/272025/06/2 1404/3/12 Bushirat Oyenike Fagbohun Bushirat Oyenike Fagbohun Department of Pharmacy Technician, Ogun State College of Health Science and Technology, Ogun, Nigeria. Iran bushirathassan@gmail.com Ochonung Emmanuel Ogar Ochonung Emmanuel Ogar Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran ochonungemmanuel1@gmail.com Atapia Innocent Messiah Atapia Innocent Messiah Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Iran messiah.atapia@physci.uniben.edu Hassan Abdulsalam Adewuyi Hassan Abdulsalam Adewuyi Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Iran hasselbatch@gmail.com Waheed Sakariyau Adio Waheed Sakariyau Adio Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, United States. Iran waheedsackson@gmail.com Adebimpe Hameedah Oluwatoyin Adebimpe Hameedah Oluwatoyin Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Health and Natural Sciences-Keplinger Hall, The University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. Iran adebimpehameedah@gmail.com Chizoba Victory Obunadike Chizoba Victory Obunadike Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Osun State University Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria. Iran obunadikechizoba1234@gmail.com Adeleye Adegboyega Edema Adeleye Adegboyega Edema Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. Iran adeleye07edema@gmail.com Samad Hussein Samad Hussein Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Iran husseinsamad02@gmail.com Usman Abiola Mohammed Usman Abiola Mohammed Department of Biological Sciences, AhmanPategi University, Pategi, Nigeria. Iran abiolau@gmail.com Tolulope Olukayode Jaiyeola Tolulope Olukayode Jaiyeola Department of Biological Sciences, Crawford University, Ketu Adieowe, Nigeria. Iran tolulope.jaiyeola@crawforduniversity.edu.ng Antihypertensive Euphorbia hirta Leptadenia hastata traditional medicine Cardiovascular disorders Phytotherapy Cardiovascular World Health Organization (WHO). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. [Link] ##Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: Analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2018; 365(9455):217-23. [Link] ##Ogah OS, Okpechi I, Chukwuonye II, Akinyemi JO, Onwubere BJ, Falase AO, et al. Blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension and hypertension related complications in Nigerian Africans: A review. World J Cardiol. 2012; 4(12):327-40. [DOI:10.4330/wjc.v4.i12.327]##Leonti M, Cabras S, Castellanos ME, Challenger A, Gertsch J, Casu L. Bioprospecting: evolutionary implications from a post-olmec pharmacopoeia and the relevance of widespread taxa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 147(1):92-107. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.012] [PMID] ##Martins DF, Emer AA, Batisti AP, Donatello N, Carlesso MG, Mazzardo-Martins L, et al. Inhalation of Cedrus atlantica essential oil alleviates pain behavior through activation of descending pain modulation pathways in a mouse model of postoperative pain. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 175:30-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.048] [PMID] ##Hassan Abdulsalam A, Hadiza ML, Chiamaka OS, Jonathan I, Alfa S, Rahmatallah Adenike A, et al. Protective role of leptadenia hastata on the haematological and biochemical alterations in adrenaline-induced hypertensive rats. Iran J Toxicol. 2020; 14(1):25-32. [DOI:10.32598/ijt.14.1.25]##Yang WS, Jeong D, Nam G, Yi YS, Yoon DH, Kim TW, et al. AP-1 pathway-targeted inhibition of inflammatory responses in LPS-treated macrophages and EtOH/HCl-treated stomach by Archidendron clypearia methanol extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 146(2):637-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.034] ##Chin CY, Jalil J, Ng PY, Ng SF. Development and formulation of Moringa oleifera standardised leaf extract film dressing for wound healing application. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 212:188-199. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.016] ##Zhong Q, Shi Z, Zhang L, Zhong R, Xia Z, Wang J, et al. The potential of Epimedium koreanum Nakai for herb-drug interaction. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017; 69(10):1398-408.[DOI:10.1111/jphp.12773] ##Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 14th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2020. [Link]##Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42(6):1206-52. [DOI:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2] [PMID]##Canadian Council on Animal Care. CCAC Guidelines on Animal Use. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Animal Care; 2017. [Link]##Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957; 28(1):56-63. [DOI:10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56] [PMID]##Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193(1):265-75. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6] [PMID]##Malloy HT, Evelyn KA. The determination of bilirubin with the photoelectric colorimeter. J Biol Chem. 1937; 119(2):481-90. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74392-5]##Tietz NW. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. [Link]##Young DS. Effects of preanalytical variables on clinical laboratory tests. Clin Chem 2001; 47(8):1447-54. [Link]##Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1974; 20(4):470-5. [DOI:10.1093/clinchem/20.4.470] [PMID]##Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18(6):499-502. [DOI:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499] [PMID]##Lewis SM, Bain BJ, Bates I. Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2006. [Link]##Duncan DB. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 1955; 11(1):1-42. [DOI:10.2307/3001478]##Singh D, Murugaiyah V, Hamid SBS, Kasinather V, Chan MSA, Ho ETW, et al. Assessment of gonadotropins and testosterone hormone levels in regular Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) users. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 221:30-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.005]##Xiao H, Fang Z, He X, Ding P, Cao Y, Chan S, et al. Recombinant ling zhi-8 enhances Tregs function to restore glycemic control in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020; 72(12):1946-55. [DOI:10.1111/jphp.13360]##Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelveli hills of Western Ghats, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 134(3):851-64. [PMID]##Wele A. The Hungarian initiative for Ayurveda: European Institute of Ayurvedic Sciences. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018; 9(2):155-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.12.002]##Rao M. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Euphorbia hirta in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015; 9(9): 27-30. ##Rajaram A, Vanaja GR, Vyakaranam P, Rachamallu A, Reddy GV, Anilkumar K, et al. Anti-inflammatory profile of Aegle marmelos (L) Correa (Bilva) with special reference to young roots grown in different parts of India. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018; 9(2):90-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.03.006]##Wang Z, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Shi S, Chen X. The hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of lotus leaf on liver injury induced by Genkwa Flos. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020; 72(12):1909-20. [DOI:10.1111/jphp.13355] [PMID]## ##

Clinical, Paraclinical, and Prognostic Findings of Iranian Patients Poisoned With Tricyclic Antidepressants: A Cross-sectional Study 2 2 Background: Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning is a serious medical emergency due to its high toxicity and life-threatening complications. Objectives: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the frequency of clinical, paraclinical, and prognostic findings of poisoned patients with TCAs who were referred to Shah Vali Hospital, Yazd, Iran, and Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Taft, Yazd, Iran, between 2014 and 2023. Methods: We collected neurological findings, cardiovascular findings, paraclinical findings, treatment measures, and prognosis of poisoned patients with TCA who were referred to Shah Vali Hospital in Yazd and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Taft from 2014 to 2023. We examined the patient’s medical records to extract the findings.  Results: Over a decade-long study, 233 cases of poisoning resulting from TCAs were documented, with a mean age of 28.11 years. Most of these cases involved nortriptyline (42.5%) and amitriptyline (32.6%). Notably, 69.1% of the affected individuals were female. Neurological manifestations included agitation (42.9%), mydriasis (39.05%), and dryness of the skin and mucous membranes (52.3%). Additionally, seizures were reported in 10.7% of patients. Cardiovascular symptoms included shock in 6.2% of cases, tachycardia in 24.56%, and QRS complex prolongation in 14.16%. Elevated lead augmented vector right (aVR) was noted in 7.18% of patients, while rhabdomyolysis occurred in 7%. The primary treatment administered was sodium bicarbonate, utilized in 51.1% of cases. Furthermore, 8.2% of patients had a history of suicide attempts, predominantly associated with amitriptyline use. Ultimately, the mortality rate among this cohort was recorded at 1.7%. The findings suggested a significant association between different types of TCAs and factors, such as disease severity, rhabdomyolysis, gender, method of drug administration, and the occurrence of seizures (P=0.001). Additionally, a notable association was observed between mortality rates and QRS complex prolongation and rhabdomyolysis (P<0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the frequency of QRS complex prolongation, seizures, and the necessity for tracheal intubation (P<0.01). However, no statistically significant association was found between mortality rates and gender and age (P<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study highlights that poisoning from TCAs remains a significant challenge in the management of poisoned patients across various regions. Nortriptyline and amitriptyline are the most commonly involved drugs in poisoning incidents, likely due to their widespread prescription in Iran. The observed higher prevalence of poisoning among women, coupled with the frequent occurrence of suicide attempts, underscores the necessity for addressing psychological factors and closely monitoring the use of these medications. Cardiac complications, particularly tachycardia and QRS complex prolongation on the ECG, are critical indicators of poisoning. Prompt treatment with sodium bicarbonate, along with effective management of severe conditions, such as seizures and hypotension, is essential to reduce mortality. Furthermore, a significant relationship exists between QRS complex prolongation and rhabdomyolysis about mortality outcomes. 147 158 2025/02/82024/10/122024/12/62024/06/272024/12/132024/11/122024/11/14 1403/8/24 2025/06/22025/04/302025/05/262025/05/272025/05/272025/06/22025/04/30 1404/2/10 Negar Zahir Mirdamadi Negar Zahir Mirdamadi Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran negar.mrdd@gmail.com Hamid Reza Jamshidi Hamid Reza Jamshidi Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran hrz.jamshidi@gmail.com Khashayar Moravej Khashayar Moravej Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Iran komeil.aghazade@gmail.com Sareh Rafatmagham Sareh Rafatmagham Department of Internal Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. Iran Niloofarderavi@yahoo.com Farhad Farnaghi Farhad Farnaghi Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran drfarhadfarnaghi@gmail.com Hamid Reza Ghasemirad Hamid Reza Ghasemirad Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Iran hr.ghasemirad@yahoo.com Raheleh Kadivari Raheleh Kadivari Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran Rhlkdvri@gmail.com Hamid Owliaey Hamid Owliaey Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Iran hamid.owliaey@gmail.com TCA poisoning Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) poisoning Prognosis suicide Attempts nortriptyline poisoning World Health Organization (WHO). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. [Link] ##Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: Analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2018; 365(9455):217-23. [Link] ##Ogah OS, Okpechi I, Chukwuonye II, Akinyemi JO, Onwubere BJ, Falase AO, et al. Blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension and hypertension related complications in Nigerian Africans: A review. World J Cardiol. 2012; 4(12):327-40. [DOI:10.4330/wjc.v4.i12.327]##Leonti M, Cabras S, Castellanos ME, Challenger A, Gertsch J, Casu L. Bioprospecting: evolutionary implications from a post-olmec pharmacopoeia and the relevance of widespread taxa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 147(1):92-107. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.012] [PMID] ##Martins DF, Emer AA, Batisti AP, Donatello N, Carlesso MG, Mazzardo-Martins L, et al. Inhalation of Cedrus atlantica essential oil alleviates pain behavior through activation of descending pain modulation pathways in a mouse model of postoperative pain. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 175:30-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.048] [PMID] ##Hassan Abdulsalam A, Hadiza ML, Chiamaka OS, Jonathan I, Alfa S, Rahmatallah Adenike A, et al. Protective role of leptadenia hastata on the haematological and biochemical alterations in adrenaline-induced hypertensive rats. Iran J Toxicol. 2020; 14(1):25-32. [DOI:10.32598/ijt.14.1.25]##Yang WS, Jeong D, Nam G, Yi YS, Yoon DH, Kim TW, et al. AP-1 pathway-targeted inhibition of inflammatory responses in LPS-treated macrophages and EtOH/HCl-treated stomach by Archidendron clypearia methanol extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 146(2):637-44. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.034] ##Chin CY, Jalil J, Ng PY, Ng SF. Development and formulation of Moringa oleifera standardised leaf extract film dressing for wound healing application. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 212:188-199. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.016] ##Zhong Q, Shi Z, Zhang L, Zhong R, Xia Z, Wang J, et al. The potential of Epimedium koreanum Nakai for herb-drug interaction. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017; 69(10):1398-408.[DOI:10.1111/jphp.12773] ##Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 14th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2020. [Link]##Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003; 42(6):1206-52. [DOI:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2] [PMID]##Canadian Council on Animal Care. CCAC Guidelines on Animal Use. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Animal Care; 2017. [Link]##Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957; 28(1):56-63. [DOI:10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56] [PMID]##Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193(1):265-75. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6] [PMID]##Malloy HT, Evelyn KA. The determination of bilirubin with the photoelectric colorimeter. J Biol Chem. 1937; 119(2):481-90. [DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)74392-5]##Tietz NW. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1995. [Link]##Young DS. Effects of preanalytical variables on clinical laboratory tests. Clin Chem 2001; 47(8):1447-54. [Link]##Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CS, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1974; 20(4):470-5. [DOI:10.1093/clinchem/20.4.470] [PMID]##Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18(6):499-502. [DOI:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499] [PMID]##Lewis SM, Bain BJ, Bates I. Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2006. [Link]##Duncan DB. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 1955; 11(1):1-42. [DOI:10.2307/3001478]##Singh D, Murugaiyah V, Hamid SBS, Kasinather V, Chan MSA, Ho ETW, et al. Assessment of gonadotropins and testosterone hormone levels in regular Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) users. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018; 221:30-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.005]##Xiao H, Fang Z, He X, Ding P, Cao Y, Chan S, et al. Recombinant ling zhi-8 enhances Tregs function to restore glycemic control in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020; 72(12):1946-55. [DOI:10.1111/jphp.13360]##Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelveli hills of Western Ghats, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 134(3):851-64. [PMID]##Wele A. The Hungarian initiative for Ayurveda: European Institute of Ayurvedic Sciences. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018; 9(2):155-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.12.002]##Rao M. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Euphorbia hirta in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015; 9(9): 27-30. ##Rajaram A, Vanaja GR, Vyakaranam P, Rachamallu A, Reddy GV, Anilkumar K, et al. Anti-inflammatory profile of Aegle marmelos (L) Correa (Bilva) with special reference to young roots grown in different parts of India. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018; 9(2):90-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaim.2017.03.006]##Wang Z, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Shi S, Chen X. The hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of lotus leaf on liver injury induced by Genkwa Flos. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020; 72(12):1909-20. [DOI:10.1111/jphp.13355] [PMID]## ##

Synthesis of Rhodanine-N-acetic Acid Metal Complexes: Bioactivity of Its Iron Complex as Potential Prodrug Approach for Alzheimer’s Disease 2 2 Background: Heavy metal accumulation has been shown to improve memory impairment, which is the most visible symptom of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).  Objectives: This study was conducted to select and synthesize rhodanine-N-acetic acid (ROD) ligand as an azosulpha drug, as well as its metal complexes containing Fe(III), Mn(III), and Cu(II), to evaluate the iron complex’s bioactivity in Swiss Albino rats. Methods: A new series of metal complexes were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, spectroscopic, and analytical methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The effects of heavy metal accumulation of the characterized iron complex on rats were investigated through in vivo studies.  Results: The results indicated that as the iron load in the liver and spleen tissues increased, the iron-binding capacity of the ROD ligand also significantly increased. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the activity of ROD metal complexes should be investigated further as a potential prodrug for AD. 159 172 2025/02/82024/10/122024/12/62024/06/272024/12/132024/11/122024/11/142025/01/9 1403/10/20 2025/06/22025/04/302025/05/262025/05/272025/05/272025/06/22025/04/302025/05/26 1404/3/5 Elem Sabahsan Elem Sabahsan Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Iran ykaratas@cu.edu.tr Emel Yildiz Emel Yildiz Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Iran eeyildiz@cu.edu.tr Yusuf Karatas Yusuf Karatas Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Iran elemseflek@hotmail.com Rhodanine Drug Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Iron Rats Kambou G. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 174: 527-35. [DOI:10.1111/jcpp.12844] [PMID]##Marwaha S, Palmer E, Suppes T, Cons E, Young AH, Upthegrove R. Novel and emerging treatments for major depression. Lancet. 2023; 401(10371):141-53. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02080-3] [PMID]##Daly M, Sutin AR, Robinson E. Depression reported by US adults in 2017-2018 and March and April 2020. J Affect Disord. 2021; 278:131-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.065] [PMID] ##Fried EI, Flake JK, Robinaugh DJ. Revisiting the theoretical and methodological foundations of depression measurement. Nat Rev Psychol. 2022; 1(6):358-68. [DOI:10.1038/s44159-022-00050-2] [PMID] ##Gheshlaghi F, Eizadi-Mood N, Emamikhah-Abarghooeii S, Arzani-Shamsabadi M. Evaluation of serum sodium changes in tricyclic antidepressants toxicity and its correlation with electrocardiography, serum pH, and toxicity severity. Adv Biomed Res. 2012; 1:68. [DOI:10.4103/2277-9175.102972] [PMID] ##Saleh A, El-Galad G, El-Masry M, Abd El-Rhman A, Abd El-Salam M. Morbidity and mortality predictors in patients with acute tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. Ain Shams J Forensic Med Clin Toxicol. 2013; 20(1):1-9. [DOI:10.21608/ajfm.2013.19381]##Dopheide JA. Recognizing and treating depression in children and adolescents. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006; 63(3):233-43. [DOI:10.2146/ajhp050264] [PMID]##Moraczewski J, Awosika AO, Aedma KK. Tricyclic antidepressants. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2023. [Link]##Aslan Ş, Emet M, Cakir Z, Aköz A, Gür STA. Suicide attempts with amitriptyline in adults: A prospective, demographic, clinical study. Turk J Med Sci. 2011; 41(2):243-9. [DOI:10.3906/sag-0908-227]##Strøm J, Sloth Madsen P, Nygaard Nielsen N, Bredgaard Sørensen M. Acute self-poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants in 295 consecutive patients treated in an ICU. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1984; 28(6):666-70. [DOI:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1984.tb02142.x] [PMID]##Babulovska A, Caparovska D, Velikj Stefanovska V, Simonovska N, Pereska Z, Petkovska L, et al. Comparison of rhabdomyolysis in acutely intoxicated patients with psychotropic and chemical substances. Folia Med. 2023; 65(3):407-14. [DOI:10.3897/folmed.65.e81145] [PMID]##Caruana RJ, Dilworth LR, Williford PM. Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with an overdose of lorazepam, perphenazine and amitriptyline. N C Med J. 1983; 44(1):18-9. [PMID]##Mousavi SR, Taghaddosinejad F, Talaee H, Zare GA, Sadeghi M, Rajaee P, et al. [Clinical and laboratory evaluation of rhabdomyolysis in 165 patients with severe acute poisonings (Persian)]. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2010; 17(2):136-42. [Link]##Faraji Dana H, Heidari Jafari E, Ghorbani M, Elsagh A. [Study of prevalence of rhabdomyolysis due to poisoning and its relation with clinical findings of patients who have been admitted in Rajaie Hospital since 1397 (Persian)]. Alborz-Health. 2021; 10(2):249-54. [Link]##Citak A, Soysal DD, Uçsel R, Karaböcüoglu M, Uzel N. Seizures associated with poisoning in children: Tricyclic antidepressant intoxication. Pediatr Int. 2006; 48(6):582-5. [DOI:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2006.02276.x] [PMID]##Karimi I, Yakhchalian N, Fathi M, Miraghaee S. Pharmacogenomic considerations for prescribing the antidepressant fluoxetine: A review in personalized medicine. Universal J Pharm Res. 2022; 7(3):74-80. [DOI:10.22270/ujpr.v7i3.779]##Miri SM, Jalali S, Karimi P. 712 Prediction of left ventricular dysfunction in basis of ventricular depolarisation time and electrical axis in patients with left bundle branch block. Eur J Heart Failure Suppl. 2006; 5(S1):164. [DOI:10.1016/S1567-4215(06)80463-7]##Ay B, Fak AS, Toprak A, Göğüş YF, Oktay A. QT dispersion increases during intubation in patients with coronary artery disease. J Electrocardiol. 2003; 36(2):99-104. [DOI:10.1054/jelc.2003.50017] [PMID]##Mirrakhimov AE, Ayach T, Barbaryan A, Talari G, Chadha R, Gray A. The role of sodium bicarbonate in the management of some toxic ingestions. Int J Nephrol. 2017; 2017:7831358. [DOI:10.1155/2017/7831358] [PMID] ##Suksaranjit P, Ratanapo S, Srivali N, Ahmed S, Cheungpasitporn W, Chongnarungsin D, et al. Electrocardiographic changes in tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. Am J Emerg Med. 2013; 31(4):751-2. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2012.12.038] [PMID]##Caksen H, Akbayram S, Odabaş D, Ozbek H, Erol M, Akgün C, et al. Acute amitriptyline intoxication: An analysis of 44 children. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2006; 25(3):107-10. [DOI:10.1191/0960327106ht511oa] [PMID]##Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green J, Rumack BH, Heard SE. 2006 annual report of the American association of poison control centers' national poison data system (NPDS). Clin Toxicol. 2007; 45(8):815-917. [DOI:10.1080/15563650701754763] [PMID]## ##