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Phytochemical ingredients and Pharmacological potential of Calendula officinalis Linn. 2 2 Calendula officinalis Linn. commonly known as marigold has long history of usage by the folklore system. It has a high economic value as herbal medicine and is widely used in cosmetics, perfumes, dyes, pharmaceutical preparations and food products for centuries. The plant has been approved for food use and appears in the food and drug administration (FDA) list of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substances. The literature available for the comprehensive review study were taken from the different worldwide accepted scientific database, journals, books for botanical description, pharmacological properties and ethno-botanical uses of C. officinalis Linn. Natural products containing calendula either as extract or oil are complex mixtures containing hundreds of biologically active constituents such as carotenoids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, phenolic acids, lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, etc. These phytoconstituents have wide applicability in food and cosmetic industries besides their therapeutic applications viz. as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-proliferative, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and wound healing potential in experimental and clinical trials. Being useful therapeutic agents in their own right, an understanding of these traditional medicines has provided new plant derived drug leads to modern medicine for therapeutic application. 1 17 2018/10/27 1397/8/5 2018/11/12 1397/8/21 Pawan Kumar Verma Pawan Kumar Verma Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and AnimalHusbandry, SKUAST-J, R S Pura, Jammu, 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India India drpawankv@yahoo.co.in Rajinder Raina Rajinder Raina Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and AnimalHusbandry, SKUAST-J, R S Pura, Jammu, 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India India drrajinderraina@gmail.com Sanjay Agarwal Sanjay Agarwal Division of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-J, R S Pura, Jammu, 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India India sanjayagarwal_2004@yahoo.com Harpreet Kaur Harpreet Kaur Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and AnimalHusbandry, SKUAST-J, R S Pura, Jammu, 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India India harpreetkaurvet@gmail.com Phytochemicals pharmacological activities calendula officinalis 1. 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Antifertility studies of Colebrookia oppositifolia leaf extract in male rats with special reference to testicular cell population dynamics. Fitoterapia 2001;72:236-45.##141. Sharma P, Sharma A, Agarwal M, Joshi SC. Contraceptive potential of Calendula officinalis aqueous extract in male rats. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2013;22:192-197.##142. Silva EJ, Costa-silva JH, Evêncio LB, Fraga Mdo C, Coelho MC, Wanderley AG. Reproductive assessment of hydroalcohol extract of Calendula officinalis L. in Wistar rats. Phytother Res 2009;23:1392-8.##143. Ray D, Mukherjee S, Falchi M, Bertelli A, Das DK. Amelioration of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury with Calendula officinalis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2010;11:849-54.##144. Cryz-Jimener G, Licea-Vega JA, Popoca EA, Fazenda SF, Villa Trevinos. Genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of Calendula officinalis extracts in rat liver culture treated with diethylnitrosamine. Toxicol in-vitro 2002;16:253-8.##145. Chakraborthy GS, Arora R, Majee C. 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Purwal L, Shrivastava V, Makode KK, Jain UK. Anthelmintic activity of aqueous extracts of some Saponin containing medicinal plants. Der Pharm Lett 2009;2:476-81.##157. Alexenizor M, Dorn A. Screening of medicinal and ornamental plants for insecticidal and growth regulating activity. J Pestic Sci 2007;80:205-15.##158. Viuda-Martos M, Gendy AEGS, Sendra E, Fernandez-Lopez J, Razik KAA, Omer EA, et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant and anti-listeria activities of essential oils obtained from some Egyptian plant. J Agric Food Chem 2010;58:9063-70.##159. Boyom FF, Ngouana V, Zollo PH, Menut C, Bessiere JM, Gut J, et al. Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants. Phytochem 2003;64:1269-75.##160. Jain UK, Purwal L, Shrivastav V, Makode KK. Scholars research library. Der pharmacia letter 2010;2:476-81.##161. Nikmehr B, Ghaznavi H, Rahbar A, Sadr S, Mehrzadi S. In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of methanolic extracts of Calendula officinalis flowers, Datura stramonium seeds, and Salvia officinalis leaves. Chin J Nat Med 2014;12:423-7.##162. Godara R, Katoch R, Yadav A, Ahanger RR, Bhutyal ADS, Verma PK, et al. In vitro acaricidal activity of ethanolic and aqueous floral extracts of Calendula officinalis against pyrethroid resistance Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Exp App Acar 2015;67:147-157.##163. Doligalska M, Joźwicka K, Laskowska M, Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Pączkowski C, Janiszowska W. Changes in Heligmosomoides polygyrus glycoprotein pattern by saponins impact the BALB/c mice immune response. Exp Parasitol 2013;135:524-31.##164. EAEMP, 1999. European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Regulation No. 2309/93 and renamed by EC Regulation No. 726/2004 to the European Medicines Agency, it had the acronym EMEA.##165. Reider N, Komericki P, Hausen BM, Fritsch P, Aberer W. 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The effect of lavender aromatherapy on well-being in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial 2 2 Hemodialysis patients experience debilitation in spite of the improvement of dialysis techniques. Impaired functioning, well-being and quality of life in these patients are of a great concern. The current study is intended to examine the effects of lavender essential oil on well-being in hemodialysis patients. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on thirty hemodialysis patients. In  experimental group a cotton ball soaked in two drops of lavender essence, diluted with sweet almond oil, at concentrations of 10% ( week 1), 20% ( week 2), 30% ( week 3), 40% ( week 4) and 50% ( week 5) was to be pinned on the patients' collar for five consecutive weeks. Patients were asked to breathe normally for 20 minutes. The control group received only routine nursing care. The perceived sense of well-being was measured in both groups at the end of each week using a visual analog scale. The mean age of patients was 58.9±14.31 years for the experimental group and 53.03±15.84 years for the control group. Hypertension was reported to be the most common underlying disease in both groups. The results showed that the mean of well-being differed significantly between before the intervention and four and five weeks after the intervention in the experimental group. Inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essence 40% and 50% seems to have a positive effect on the perceived sense of well-being in hemodialysis patients while lower concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30% do not appear to have the same effect. 18 22 2018/10/272018/10/20 1397/7/28 2018/11/122018/11/11 1397/8/20 معصومه باقری نسامی Masoumeh Bagheri-Nesami Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Addiction Institute,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran anna30432003@yahoo.com سید افشین شروفی Seyed Afshin Shorofi Adjunct Research Fellow, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Iran ashorofi@yahoo.com عطیه نیکخواه Attieh Nikkhah Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran Atinik1357@gmail.com حسین روحی مقدم Hossein Roohi Moghaddam Nursing and Midwifery School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran h.rohi1980@gmail.com علی مهدوی Ali Mahdavi Nursing and Midwifery School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Iran mahdavi.ali7@gmail.com lavender aromatherapy well-being hemodialysis 1. Oberley ET, Sadler JH, Alt PS. Renal rehabilitation: obstacles, progress, and prospects for the future. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35:141-7.##2. Valderrabano F, Jofre R, Lopez-Gomez JM. Quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:443-64.##3. Schwartz-Barcott D, Kim HS. An expansion and elaboration of the Hybrid Model of Concept Development. In: Rodgers BL, Knafl KA, editors. Concept development in nursing. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000. p. 129-59##4. Riis J, Loewenstein G, Baron J, Jepson C, Fagerlin A, Ubel PA. Ignorance of hedonic adaptation to hemodialysis: a study using ecological momentary assessment. J Exp Psychol Gen 2005; 134:3-9.##5. Morgan L. A decade review: methods to improve adherence to the treatment regimen among hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Nurs J 2000; 27:299-304.##6. Curtin RB, Sitter DCB, Schatell D, Chewning BA. Self-management, knowledge, and functioning and well-being of patients on hemodialysis. Nephrol Nurs J 2004; 31:378-86.##7. Matthews WJ, Conti JM, Sireci SG. The effects of intercessory prayer, positive visualization, and expectancy on the well-being of kidney dialysis patients. Altern Ther Health Med 2001; 7:42-52.##8. Lin YJ, Lu KC, Chen CM, Chang CC. The effects of music as therapy on the overall well-being of elderly patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Biol Res Nurs 2012 ;14:277-85.##9. Lolaty HA, Bagheri-Nesami M, Shorofi SA, Golzarodi T, Charati JY. The effects of family-friend visits on anxiety, physiological indices and well-being of MI patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2014;20:147-51.##10. Bagheri-Nesami M, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Shayesteh-Azar M. The effect of Benson Relaxation Technique on rheumatoid arthritis patients: extended report. Int J Nurs Pract 2006;12:214-9##11. Robert A. Roush. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Haworth Integrative Healing Press. Binghamton 2003 ; 21.##12. Hongratanaworakit T. Stimulating effect of aromatherapy massage with jasmine oil. Nat Prod Commun 2010; 5:157-62.##13. Hongratanaworakit T. Aroma-therapeutic effects of massage blended essential oils on humans. Nat Prod Commun 2011;6:1199-204##14. Bagheri-Nesami M, Shorofi SA, Nikkhah A, Espahbodi F, Koolaee F-SG. The effects of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on fatigue levels in haemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016; 22: 33–7##15. Bagheri-Nesami M, Shorofi SA, Nikkhah A, Espahbodi F. The effects of lavender essential oil aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in haemodialysis patients. Pharm Biomed Res 2017; 3:8–13. ##16. Kuriyama H, Watanabe S, Nakaya T, Shigemori I, Kita M, Yoshida N, et al. Immunological and psychological benefits of aromatherapy massage. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005; 2:179-84. ##17. Fellowes D, Barnes K, Wilkinson S. Aromatherapy and massage for symptom relief in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;2:1-18.##18. Lytle J, Mwatha C, Davis KK. Effect of lavender aromatherapy on vital signs and perceived quality of sleep in the intermediate care unit: a pilot study. Am J Crit Care 2014;23:24-9.##19. Watt Gvd, Janca A. Aromatherapy in nursing and mental health care. Contemp Nurse 2008;30:69-75.##20. Louis M, Kowalski SD. Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well-being. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2002; 19:381-6.##21. Dyachenko P, Shustak A, Rozenman D. Hemodialysis‐related pruritus and associated cutaneous ma Feroze U, Martin D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kim JC, Reina-Patton A, Kopple JD. Anxiety and depression in maintenance dialysis patients: preliminary data of a cross-sectional study and brief literature review. J Ren Nutr 2012;22:207-10.##22. Bahreini S, Mannani R, Bekhradi R, Naji SA. The effect of aromatherapy massage on fatigue in women with Multiple Sclerosis. J Sabzevar Uni Med Sci. 2011; 18(3): 172- 8.##23. Barclay J, Vestey J, Lambert A, Balmer C. Reducing the symptoms of lymphoedema: is there a role for aromatherapy? Eur J Oncol Nurs 2006;10:140-9.##24. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Graham JE, Malarkey WB, Porter K, Lemeshow S, Glaser R. Olfactory Influences on mood and autonomic, endocrine and immune function. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:328-39.##25. Herz RS. Aromatherapy Facts and Fictions: A scientific analysis of olfactory effects on mood, physiology and behavior. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:263-90.##26. Taavoni S, Darsareh F, Joolaee S, Haghani H. The effect of aromatherapy massage on the psychological symptoms of postmenopausal Iranian women. Complement Ther Med 2013;21:158-63.##27. Sertoz OO, Asci G, Toz F, Duman S, Elbi H, Ok E. Planning a social activity to improve psychological well-being and quality of life of hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Ther Apher Dial 2009; 13:366-72.## ##

Effect of bananas puree on survival of Lactobacillus casei in coktel apple and banana juice during storage 2 2 The probiotic juice is one of the newest innovation opportunities in various kinds of healthy drinkꞌs business. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of banana pureeꞌs on survival of Lactobacillus casei and physicochemical and sensory properties of cocktail juice containing apples and bananas juice during storage. The amounts of banana puree were added in 3 levels (7% and 15%) to apple juice. After adding banana puree, the brix of fruit juice was regulated on 13. The produced fruit juice was pasteurized in 90˚C for 2 min. Then, depending on the treatment, L. casei was added to some of samples. The periods of conservation were in 4 levels (1, 20, 40 and 60 days). The results showed that during of storage time in all treatments, the number of L. casei decreased significantly, but in treatments containing banana puree was significantly less than controls. With increasing of banana puree, the pH increased and acidity and brix decreased significantly. pH increasing and acidity and brix decreasing in treatment groups containing probiotic were more than treatments without probiotic. The results obtained of sensory evaluation indicated that with increasing of banana puree to 15%, the score of flavor and color decreased significantly. The use of probiotic didn’t have a significant effect on score of color and flavor in juice. Therefore, to produce of cocktail juice containing apples juice and bananas puree probiotics containing L. casei, the use of 7% banana puree with the storage time of 20 days is recommended. 23 27 2018/10/272018/10/202018/10/1 1397/7/9 2018/11/122018/11/112018/10/31 1397/8/9 Saman Mahdavi Saman Mahdavi Department of Microbiology, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran Iran s.mahdavi@iau-maragheh.ac.ir Parvaneh Chalabi Parvaneh Chalabi Department of Food engineering, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran Iran p.chalabi1390@gmail.com Shahin Zomorodi Shahin Zomorodi Department of Engineering Research, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education andExtension Organization, Urmia, Iran Iran zomorodi.shahin@yahoo.com Alireza Isazadeh Alireza Isazadeh Department of Genetics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Iran isazadeh.alireza73@gmail.com Apple juice banana puree lactobacillus casei survival 1. Luckow T, Sheehan V, Fitzgerald G, Delahunty C. Exposure, health information and flavour-masking strategies for improving the sensory quality of probiotic juice. Appetite 2006;47:315-23.##2. Nualkaekul S, Charalampopoulos D. Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum in model solutions and fruit juices. Int J Food Microbiol 2011;146:111-7.##3. Pereira ALF, Maciel TC, Rodrigues S. Probiotic beverage from cashew apple juice fermented with Lactobacillus casei. Food Res Int 2011;44:1276-83.##4. Rivera-Espinoza Y, Gallardo-Navarro Y. Non-dairy probiotic products. Food Microbiol 2010;27:1-11.##5. Qassemi SS, Zomorrodi S. The effect of temperature on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus maintenance free and encapsulated in apple juice. J Food Res 2014;24:144-50.##6. Shah NP. Functional cultures and health benefits. Int Dairy J 2007;17:1262-77.##7. Sheehan VM, Ross P, Fitzgerald GF. Assessing the acid tolerance and the technological robustness of probiotic cultures for fortification in fruit juices. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2007;8:279-84.##8. Pimentel TC, Madrona GS, Garcia S, Prudencio SH. Probiotic viability, physicochemical characteristics and acceptability during refrigerated storage of clarified apple juice supplemented with Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei and oligofructose in different package type. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2015;63:415-22.##9. Malganji S, Sohrabvandi S, Jahadi M, Nematollahi A, Sarmadi B. Effect of refrigerated storage on sensory properties and viability of probiotic in grape drink. Appl Food Biotechnol. 2016;3:59-62.##10. Dave RI, Shah NP. Viability of yoghurt and probiotic bacteria in yoghurts made from commercial starter cultures. Int Dairy J 1997;7:31-41.##11. Iran IoSaIRo. Drinks, juice and its products, specifications and test methods microbiology. Iranian National Standard No 3414. 2006.##12. Iran IoSaIRo. Juice specifications and test methods. Iranian National Standard No 2685. 2008.##13. Qassemi SS, Zomorrodi S. Encapsulation impact on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and qualitative properties of apple juice during storage at ambient temperature. Food Sci Nutr 2014;11:81-90.##14. Shabala L, McMeekin T, Budde BB, Siegumfeldt H. Listeria innocua and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus employ different strategies to cope with acid stress. Int J Food Microbiol 2006;110:1-7.##15. Vinderola C, Costa G, Regenhardt S, Reinheimer J. Influence of compounds associated with fermented dairy products on the growth of lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria. Int Dairy J 2002;12:579-89.##16. Champagne C, Raymond Y, Gagnon R. Viability of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus R0011 in an Apple‐Based Fruit Juice under Simulated Storage Conditions at the Consumer Level. J Food Sci 2008;73.##17. Costa MGM, Fonteles TV, de Jesus ALT, Rodrigues S. Sonicated pineapple juice as substrate for L. casei cultivation for probiotic beverage development: process optimisation and product stability. Food Chem 2013;139:261-6.##18. Mohebbi M, Ghoddusi HB. Rheological and sensory evaluation of yoghurts containing probiotic cultures. J Agric Sci Technol 2010;10:145-55.##19. Yoon KY, Woodams EE, Hang YD. Production of probiotic cabbage juice by lactic acid bacteria. Bioresour Technol 2006; 97:1427-30.##20. Shah N, Ding W, Fallourd M, Leyer G. Improving the stability of probiotic bacteria in model fruit juices using vitamins and antioxidants. J Food Sci 2010;75.##21. Luckow T, Delahunty C. Which juice is ‘healthier’? A consumer study of probiotic non-dairy juice drinks. Food Qual Prefer 2004;15:751-9.## ##

Evaluation of a modified salt-out method for DNA extraction from whole blood lymphocytes: A simple and economical method for gene polymorphism 2 2 Extraction of high-quality and-quantity DNA is a fundamental requirement for genetic research. It is very important to address the use of DNA extraction methods that are simple and cost-effective in gene polymorphism with large number of samples. This study was designed to investigate the optimal DNA extraction from lymphocytic cells by salt-out method. In this study, 200 blood samples of the two groups of patients and control were collected and transferred to Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-containing tubes. Afterwards, DNA was extracted from 1 ml of blood cells by modified salt-out method. Furthermore three parameters in this research were evaluated, including quality (optimal density at 260 nm), quantity (DNA concentration) by electrophoresis, and efficiency of extracted DNA or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) status.The findings revealed that extracted DNA had excellent concentration and purity. The obtained results of electrophoresis confirmed the absence of any fragments in the extracted DNA. The PCR of the extracted DNA were successful, indicating lack of inhibitors in the reaction. According to the results of this study, this modified method can be used as a simple, efficient, and economical method for DNA extraction. 28 32 2018/10/272018/10/202018/10/12018/09/22 1397/6/31 2018/11/122018/11/112018/10/312018/12/3 1397/9/12 محمد شکرزاده mohammad shokrzadeh Pharmacutical Research Center,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran mslamuki@gmail.com عباس محمدپور Abbas Mohammadpour Pharmacutical Research Center,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Iran abbasbiology@yahoo.com DNA extraction Salt-out method Whole blood lymphocytes Economical method 1. Tan SC, Yiap BC. DNA, RNA, and protein extraction: the past and the present. J Biomed Biotech vol. 2009, Article ID 574398, 10 pages.##2. Gaaib JN, Nassief AF, Al-Assi A. Simple salting-out method for genomic DNA extraction from whole blood. Tikrit J Pure Sci 2011;16:1813-662.##3. Maurya R, Kumar B, Sundar S. Evaluation of salt-out method for the isolation of DNA from whole blood: a pathological approach of DNA based diagnosis. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharma Res 2013;2:53-7.##4. Buckingham L. Molecular diagnostics: fundamentals, methods and clinical applications: FA Davis; 2011.##5. Kessler HH, Mühlbauer G, Stelzl E, Daghofer E, Santner BI, Marth E. Fully automated nucleic acid extraction: MagNA Pure LC. Clin chem 2001 Jun 1;47:1124-6.##6. Nasiri H, Forouzandeh M, Rasaee M, Rahbarizadeh F. Modified salting‐out method: high‐yield, high‐quality genomic DNA extraction from whole blood using laundry detergent. J Clin Lab Anal 2005;19:229-32.##7. Javadi A, Shamaei M, Ziazi LM, Pourabdollah M, Dorudinia A, Seyedmehdi SM, et al. Qualification study of two genomic DNA extraction methods in different clinical samples. Tanaffos 2014;13:41.##8. Miller S, Dykes D, Polesky H. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1988;16:1215.##9. Suguna S, Nandal D, Kamble S, Bharatha A, Kunkulol R. Genomic DNA isolation from human whole blood samples by non enzymatic salting out method. Int J pharm pharm sci 2014;6:198-9.##10. Aljanabi SM, Martinez I. Universal and rapid salt-extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR-based techniques. Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:4692-3.##11. SalehTabari Y, Bakhshi O, Mohammadpour A, Hoseini V, HaghiAminjan H, Shokrzadeh M. Evaluation of NQO1 Polymorphism in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. JMUMS 2018;27:230-5.##12. Pereira JC, Chaves R, Bastos E, Leitão A, Guedes-Pinto H. An efficient method for genomic DNA extraction from different molluscs species. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12:8086-95.##13. Liu W-Y, Zhang K-J. Rapid Salt-Extraction of Genomic DNA from Formalin-Fixed Toad and Frog Tissues for PCR-Based Analyses. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 2011;6:958-65. ##14. Drábková L, Kirschner J, Vlĉek Ĉ. Comparison of seven DNA extraction and amplification protocols in historical herbarium specimens of Juncaceae. Plant Mol Biol Report 2002;20:161-75.##15. 15.Wilson IG. Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:3741.##16. Aidar M, Line SRP. A simple and cost-effective protocol for DNA isolation from buccal epithelial cells. Braz Dent J 2007;18:148-52.##17. Glasel J. Validity of nucleic acid purities monitored by 60nm/280nm absorbance ratios. Biotechniques 1995;18:62-3.##18. Poljak M, Seme K, Gale N. Rapid extraction of DNA from archival clinical specimens: our experiences. Pflugers Arch 2000;439:R42-R4.## ##