REVIEW_ARTICLE Background: Nanotechnology, specially, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has successively revolutionized many aspects of biomedical and industrial practices due to their distinct physiochemical and functional characteristics. Nonetheless, traditional methods of synthesis typically create toxic wastes and threaten the environmental safety. Green synthesis has since been developed as a sustainable solution, utilizing biological entities, including plants, bacteria, and fungi, in an environmentally-friendly way to produce NPs.  Objectives: This work critically examine green synthesis methodologies to determine the biological processes, and evaluate their effects on the quality of NPs, their bioactivity, and use in medical and industrial practice. Methods: Google Scholar and PubMed were used for the literature review till April 30, 2025. The used keywords were “metallic nanoparticles,” “metal ions,” “green synthesis,” “bacteria,” “fungi,” and “plant.” The development of the manuscript was based on full-length research and review articles, which describe the rationale, technologies, methods and basic principles of “green chemistry.” Results: The analysis of green methods of synthesizing NPs showed that it is possible to produce metal NPs (e.g. Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Pd, Se) of controlled size and shape consistently. The biogenic sources were found to be reliably able to generate sufficiently pure and monodisperse particles and protocols. These NPs have potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer efficacies. Also, the improved techniques of biodistribution evaluation suggest that they could be used in the medical field. Conclusion: The review confirmed various strategies researchers have performed to manufacture metallic NPs using green synthesis method.  http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.pdf 2025-12-28 277 298 10.32598/PBR.11.4.1418.1 Bacteria Fungi Green synthesis Metallic Nanoparticles (NPs) Metal ions Plant Ankush Banalia ankushbanalia8@gmail.com 1 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2582-6553 Dinesh Puri puridinesh105@gmail.com 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-4641

REVIEW_ARTICLE Background: The gut microbiome highlights the significance of understanding the relationship between antibiotic use and microbial alterations. This knowledge is crucial for the current health status and future medical practices.  Objectives: This review examines the effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota, emphasizing the significant changes in microbial composition resulting from their use. Methods: Relevant articles published until February 2025 were retreived from Medical databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using keywords, such as “antibiotics,” “gut microbiota,” “dysbiosis,” “antibiotic resistance,” and “microbial diversity.” Results: Antibiotics profoundly disrupt the microbiota balance, potentially leading to chronic diseases and metabolic changes. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, can arise from factors like diet and antibiotic exposure, reducing microbial diversity and promoting pathogenic species over beneficial ones. Clinically, dysbiosis is linked to increased risks of autoimmune disorders, obesity, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Specific antibiotics, including amoxicillin and levofloxacin, exhibit varying effects on gut microbiota. Dietary interventions are suggested to restore beneficial bacteria and enhance gut health. Further research should explore the long-term consequences of antibiotic use on gut health and emphasize developing effective recovery strategies. Conclusion: The main conclusion of this review is that antibiotics dramatically reduce gut microbial diversity and balance and accelerate dysbiosis, which is associated with long-term health risks that requires nutritional and therapeutic strategies to restore microbial balance. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-699-en.pdf 2025-12-28 299 310 10.32598/PBR.11.4.1417.1 Antibiotics Gut microbiota Dysbiosis Microbial diversity Antibiotic resistance Ameneh Omidi a.omidi@modares.ac.ir; amenehomidi86@gmail.com 1 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1774-6517 Maedeh Hasanzadeh Bafghi DABIR_YALDA@YAHOO.COM 2 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0936-630X Kobra Shirani k.shirani@modares.ac.ir 3 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4931-4583

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background: The introduction of highly specific drug nanoparticles (NPs) into cancer cells has demonstrated a broad therapeutic potential with diminished toxicity. Hence, the synthesis of nanoparticles has garnered significant interest among researchers Objectives: This study presents an eco-friendly method for synthesizing gold NPs (AuNPs) using Scutellaria multicaulis and Heracleum persicum stem extracts, Sanguisorba officinalis root, and H. persicum fruit extracts, and evaluates their anticancer effects. Methods: The characterization of AuNPs was studied using UV–visible, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light-scattering (DLS), Zeta potential (ZP), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of AuNPs were evaluated using colorimetric analysis. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and apoptosis assays were used to assay their cytotoxic potential.  Results: The absorption peaks were between 535 and 545 nm. FE-SEM and EDX analyses revealed that the AuNPs were oval in shape with a crystal size of 10-30 nm. XRD data showed the crystal structures of AuNPs to be 7.41, 7.61, 7.61, and 7.84 nm for stems of S. multicaulis (Sm-S)-AuNPs, stems of H. persicum (Hp-S)-AuNPs, roots of S. officinalis (So-R)-AuNPs, and fruits of H. persicum (Hp-F)-AuNPs, respectively. FT-IR suggested that elements such as phenolics, aromatic compounds, and proteins played a role in the reduction and stabilization of AuNPs. The mean size of AuNPs was ascertained using a Zetasizer, with measurements of 60.46, 41.2, 51, and 50.27 nm for Sm-S-AuNPs, Hp-S-AuNPs, So-R-AuNPs, and Hp-F-AuNPs, respectively. ZP analysis showed that AuNPs are negatively charged, indicating good dispersion stability. AuNPs had a high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and exhibited strong inhibitory effects on MDA-MB231 cell proliferation. Sm-S-AuNPs demonstrated anticancer effects in vitro by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Conclusion: Overall, the results affirm the potential of the examined plant extract as a viable raw biomaterial for the synthesis of biologically active AuNPs. These could be instrumental in developing novel antitumor agents to combat breast cancer. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-689-en.pdf 2025-12-28 311 330 10.32598/PBR.11.4.954.2 Anticancer Antioxidant Apoptosis Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) Green synthesis Zahra Gharari z.gharari@alzahra.ac.ir 1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-3555 Hanie Sadeghinia h.sadeghinia@yahoo.com 2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Parichehr Hanachi p.hanachi@alzahra.ac.ir 3 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-203X

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background: Human albumin solution (HAS) is an expensive colloidal preparation that is commonly used in clinical practice. Given the high cost of albumin and its rising worldwide use, it is imperative to establish a practical protocol to improve the rational use of albumin products. This study aimed to identify albumin utilization patterns in a teaching hospital and to demonstrate the importance of revisiting strategies for albumin administration. Objectives: This study aimed to identify albumin utilization patterns in a teaching hospital and to demonstrate the importance of revisiting strategies for albumin administration. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between March 20, 2023, and March 19, 2024, at Imam Khomeini Educational Hospital, an affiliated hospital of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari City, Iran. All albumin forms completed during the study period were enrolled for appropriateness evaluation in accordance with the protocol developed by the Iranian Food and Drug Administration. Results: In 82 patients (32.1%), serum albumin levels were greater than 2.5 g/dL at the time of albumin administration, of which 56% were above the recommended cut-off for the indication. Among 313 albumin prescriptions, in 7 cases (2.3%), albumin administration was not based on any official indication listed in the protocol. Albumin level less than 2.5 g/dL for 3 days (25.4%), ascites or generalized edema (24.4%), and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) (13%) were the most common reasons for albumin administration. The daily albumin dose ranged from 1 vial of 20% to 5 vials, averaging 19 g/d. Only one patient (0.3%) had the duration of albumin treatment stated, and no patient had their albumin levels rechecked 72 hours after administration. Conclusion: This study showed significant deviations from the albumin prescription protocol. Some aspects of albumin prescribing, including the minimum cut-off for starting albumin, the duration of use, and rechecking the albumin level, were not adequately considered by physicians. These findings highlight a more sophisticated focus on albumin prescribing in an attempt to minimize the irrational prescription of this expensive and valuable drug. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-711-en.pdf 2025-12-28 331 338 10.32598/PBR.11.4.1084.2 Albumin Albumin guideline Drug utilization evaluation Ebrahim Salehifar Esalehifar@mazums.ac.ir 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Herbal Medicines and Metabolic Disorders, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-6950 Zahra Bagherzadegan ph.emam@gmail.com 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Emam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6271-1498 Shahram Ala Sh204ala@gmail.com 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Herbal Medicines and Metabolic Disorders, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7847-4834 Sima Ramezaninejad Sima.ramezaninejad@gmail.com 4 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5955-4732

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background: Poisonings are a major medical emergency, contributing to 15-20% of hospital visits. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), defined by acute hypoxemia and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, presents significant challenges in diagnosis and management.  Objectives: This study investigates the incidence of ARDS in patients with drug and chemical poisoning hospitalized at Shah Vali Hospital in Yazd City, and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Taft City, Iran from 2014 to 2023. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study involving patients with drug and chemical poisoning presenting to the emergency departments of the two hospitals. After obtaining ethical approval, we reviewed medical records of eligible patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 25, presenting qualitative data as frequencies and percentages, and quantitative data as Mean±SD. The chi-square test assessed statistical significance, with P<0.05 deemed significant. Results: Our analysis included 61 patients, comprising 77% men and 23% women, with a mean age of 46.1 years and an average hospitalization duration of 9.7 days. The primary cause of poisoning was suicide, accounting for 49.2% of cases, predominantly through oral ingestion (96.7%). Methadone was identified as the most common poisoning agent. Notably, 68.9% of patients had a history of addiction, and 27.9% required dialysis, while sepsis was present in 31.1% of cases. Among patients with ARDS, 21.3% had pre-existing pulmonary conditions. Elevated urea and creatinine levels were observed in 85.2% of cases, and metabolic acidosis was noted in all patients. Seizures occurred in 32.8% of individuals, with an overall mortality rate of 59%. Although no significant differences in mortality were associated with addiction history (P=0.310), a strong correlation was found with the type of poisoning agents (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study found 59% mortality rate among ARDS patients due to drug and chemical poisoning, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies. A significant proportion of cases were involved with addiction, primarily to methadone, yet no mortality correlation with addiction was observed. The findings underscore the complexities of treating ARDS in the context of poisoning, necessitating a diverse approach to improve patient outcomes. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-661-en.pdf 2025-12-28 339 346 10.32598/PBR.11.4.1366.2 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Drug poisoning Chemical poisoning Saeed Ghorbani dr.sa.ghorbani@gmail.com 1 Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1252-2255 Hamid Owliaey hamid.owliaey@gmail.com 2 Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9940-4088 Komeil Aghazadeh-Habashi komeil.aghazade@gmail.com 3 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6002-2437 Fatemeh Razavi fatmarazavi0@gmail.com 4 Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9555-4740 Navid Rostami navidd.rostamii@gmail.com 5 School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Sareh Rafatmagham Niloofarderavi@yahoo.com 6 Department of Internal Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2765-0543 Hamid Reza Ghasemirad hr.ghasemirad@yahoo.com 7 Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-6653 Fatemeh Mahdizadeh Gazoui mdzdf962@gmail.com 8 Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1255-2712 Mehrdad Kiasi kiasimehrdad@gmail.com 9 Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9670-6211 Mohsen Jabbari Mo.jabbari75@gmail.com 10 Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1724-4968 Khashayar Moravej Khashayarmoravej@hotmail.com 11 Faculty of Dentistry, Is.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2391-1052 Rouzina Shabani Rozhina.shabani@icloud.com 12 Department of Medical Science, Yaz.C., Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2387-2226

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background: Dexamethasone (DEX), a widely used synthetic glucocorticoid, is associated with adverse effects on male reproductive health. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), as a glutathione precursor and potent antioxidant, helps neutralize free radicals, thereby preventing tissue damage and preserving sperm integrity. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of NAC on the undesired effects of DEX on the spermatogenesis indices and sperm parameters. Methods: A total of 24 NMRI mice were divided into 4 groups: control, DEX (7 mg/kg/d, IP), NAC (100 mg/kg/d, IP), and DEX+NAC. They received treatments for 7 days. Testicular tissues were excised 24 hours after treatment completion for stereological evaluation and determination of mean daily sperm production (DSP). In addition, the mean numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells, along with spermatogenesis indices, sperm tail length (STL), motility, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and testicular tissues, and testosterone concentration were measured and analyzed.  Results: In the DEX-treated group, significant declines were detected in sperm motility, spermatogenesis indices, DSP, and the counts of spermatocytes, spermatids, and Leydig cells, along with a reduction in serum testosterone levels compared with the control (P<0.05). Conversely, serum and testicular MDA concentrations increased markedly following DEX administration (P<0.05). Co-treatment with NAC normalized these parameters to levels comparable to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that NAC can mitigate the detrimental effects of DEX on spermatogenesis indices and sperm quality parameters, likely through its antioxidant and regulatory effects. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-705-en.pdf 2025-12-28 347 358 10.32598/PBR.11.4.1421.1 Dexamethasone (DEX) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) Spermatogenesis Mice Monireh Mahmoodi m-mahmoodi@araku.ac.ir 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran. AUTHOR Malek Soleimani Mehranjani m-soleimani@araku.ac.ir 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran. AUTHOR Sepideh Bakhshi mehrad.bahmani2021@gmail.com 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran. AUTHOR

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background: Saffron, derived from Crocus sativus, has long been used in traditional medicine because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, which are primarily attributed to crocin, its major bioactive pigment. Crocin is extensively hydrolyzed to crocetin in the gastrointestinal tract, where it exhibits improved systemic absorption and acts as the principal circulating metabolite. However, pharmacokinetic data regarding commercially available crocin formulations remain limited. Objectives: Crocin is the main active pigment in saffron and is responsible for its many therapeutic effects. A pharmaceutical product called Krocina is available on the Iran market, and this study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetics and absorption of Krocina 15-mg tablets. Methods: A stock solution of crocetin at a concentration of 5 µg/mL in methanol was prepared. Serum and urine standards were then prepared from this stock in the concentration range of 0.025 to 2.5 µg/mL. Each standard was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). A mobile phase composed of methanol, water, and acetic acid (85%, 14.5%, 0.5%), at a detection wavelength at 423 nm with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min was employed. LC-MS measurements were performed in positive electrospray ionization mode (ESI+) using a Supelco analytical column (150×4.6 mm, 3 µm Discovery HS C18, USA). Results: The intraday coefficient of variation (CV) measured by HPLC <1.28%, and the interday CV<3.44%. For the LC-MS/MRM method, intraday CV<1.05% and interday CV was below 2.87%. The average peak serum concentration of crocetin after Krocina tablet administration occurred at 240 minutes, measured as 177.11 ng/mL by HPLC and 184.33 ng/mL by LC-MS/MRM. Conclusion: Both HPLC and LC-MS methods demonstrated adequate capability for blood analysis and determination of pharmacokinetic parameters, and the obtained data were considered reliable. The clinical effects of Krocina tablets should be related to absorbed crocetin. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-710-en.pdf 2025-12-28 359 368 10.32598/PBR.11.4.1427.1 Krocina Tablet Pharmacokinetic High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) Faezeh Ghorbanzadeh ghorbanzadeh.faezeh@gmail.com 1 Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR Hossein Kamali kamalih@mums.ac.ir 2 Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-0861 Mojgan Nejabat nejabatm2@mums.ac.ir 3 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8638-4989 Majid Ghayour Mobarhan ghayourm@mums.ac.ir 4 Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1081-6754 Farzin Hadizadeh hadizadehf@mums.ac.ir 5 Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7680-8191

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Background: Essential oil (EO) of Syzygium aromaticum is usually used for medicinal purposes. In most cases, it is kept for a long duration.  Objectives: The work aimed at examining how the duration of storage of the EO affects its medicinal quality of the essential oil.  Methods: The EO of S. aromaticum was extracted by hydrodistillation. The extracted EO was kept in a cupboard in amber bottles at room temperature for 4, 183, and 365 days. Chemical components of the EOs were determined by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Dopamine and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) assays were used to assess the anti-hypertensive activity. The anti-diabetic tendencies were evaluated with the α-glucosidase and α-amylase assays. Albumin denaturation and protease were used to estimate the anti-inflammatory activity.  Results: The results indicate that the EO shows a color change from light yellow in 4 and 183 days of storage to dark brown after 365 days. The results of the GC-MS show a higher value of eugenol in the EO stored for 183 and 365 days (93.15% and 93.46%, respectively). It also shows the presence of eugenol acetate (17.05%) in the EO stored for 4 days, but it was absent in 183 and 365 days of storage. The EO stored for 4 days had a higher inhibition of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic parameters tested. Conclusion: The results indicate that the higher the period of storage of the essential oil, the less medicinal potency it possesses. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-712-en.pdf 2025-12-28 369 384 10.32598/PBR.11.4.1428.1 Syzygium aromaticum Essential oil Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Anti-hypertensive Antidiabetic Abayomi Gideon Adeyemo adeyemoabayomi0205@gmail.com 1 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7703-5194 Shola Hezekiah Awojide shola.awojide@uniosun.edu.ng 2 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. AUTHOR Alilat Ololade Tiamiyu ololadetiamiyu19@gmail.com 3 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. AUTHOR Adebanjo Jacob Anifowose adebanjo.anifowose@uniosun.edu.ng 4 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. AUTHOR Adedayo Olubunmi Adeboye adedayo.adeboye@uniosun.edu.ng 5 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. AUTHOR Ezekiel Olumide Fadunmade o.fadunmade@learninganddevelopmentbureau.org.uk 6 Learning and Development Bureau, Chatham, United Kingdom. AUTHOR Oluwatumininu Abosede Mutiu mutiuoluwatumininu@gmail.com 7 Industrial Chemistry Program, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria. AUTHOR Yemisi Elizabeth Asibor yemisi.asibor@uniosun.edu.ng 8 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. AUTHOR