OTHERS_CITABLE N/A http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-383-en.pdf 2020-10-19 59 60 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5653 Javad Ghaffari javadneg@yahoo.com 1 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Schools of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1447-8916

OTHERS_CITABLE N/A http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-337-en.pdf 2020-10-19 61 64 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5654 Ideh Ghafour ideh.bhn@gmail.com 1 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5445-4049 Forouzan Elyasi forouzan.elyasi@gmail.com 2 Department of Psychiatry, Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6872-481X

OTHERS_CITABLE N/A http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-344-en.pdf 2020-10-19 65 66 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5655 Nileswar Das dr.nileswar@gmail.com 1 Department of Psychiatry and NDDTC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-0611 Shubham Narnoli narnoli.shubham@gmail.com 2 Department of Psychiatry and De-addiction centre, Lady Harding Medical College, New Delhi, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1102-3326 Apinderjit Kaur smiley20.chd@gmail.com 3 Department of Psychiatry and NDDTC, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-1249

OTHERS_CITABLE N/A http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.pdf 2020-10-19 67 68 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5656 Ata Mahmoodpour amahmoodpoor@yahoo.com 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4361-6230 Sarvin Sanaie sarvin_so2000@yahoo.com 2 Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-5631 Mohammad-Salar Hosseini hosseini.msalar@gmail.com 3 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-5018

OTHERS_CITABLE N/A http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.pdf 2020-10-19 69 72 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5657 Hadis Ashrafizadeh ashrafizadeh.h1993@gmail.com 1 Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School Nursing and Midwifery, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-5854 Ali Akbar Oroojan aliakbar_oroojan@yahoo.com 2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran. AUTHOR

REVIEW_ARTICLE The world is grappling for US FDA-approved therapies for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is the virus that has caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several pharmacological drugs are under various phases of clinical trials, and their current clinical use is primarily based on the in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 or related coronaviruses.  While the efficacy of drug therapies is yet to be established, and the efficacy of the vaccine for COVID-19 is to be accomplished, we need to focus on prophylactic measures. The current article describes the chemoprophylactic, Ayurvedic, homeopathic, and Unani prophylactic approaches for combating COVID-19 based on the guidelines issued by the Ministry of AYUSH, India. The article is based on the guidelines issued by the Ministry of AYUSH, India. The proposed approaches have been supported by scientific evidence. The article also provides an outlook on the global scenario of herbal practices. In the absence of effective treatment, efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic heavily rely on non-pharmaceutical interventions such as personal preventive measures. The alternative system of medicine offers prophylactic solutions that are simple and inexpensive. These simple measures will go a long way in tackling the pandemic. http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.pdf 2020-10-19 73 80 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5658 Coronavirus COVID-19 Prophylaxis Chemoprophylaxis Ayurvedic Homeopathic Unani Ramakant Yadav rktyadav_2003@yahoo.com 1 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-0771 Kamla Pathak kamlapathak5@gmail.com 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-9792 Devender Pathak dev_15@rediffmail.com 3 Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1862-1484 Raj Kumar vc@upums.ac.in 4 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1548-2503

ORIGINAL_ARTICLE COVID-19 infection, a ravaging disease attributed to a SARS-CoV-like illness, has brought the world to its knee, causing a pandemic, with human-human transmission as a major source of the spread of this ailment. Alarmingly, this infection based on clinical manifestations is diagnosed as virus-induced pneumonia, with over 5 million cases with a mortality rate of about 7% (based on the recently published global report). However, most deaths have been associated with patients with underlying immune dysfunction or a compromised immune system. As no specific therapeutics and vaccines have been reported, the strengthening of the immune system through nutritional intake and exercise is essential. Also, previous studies have documented the immune-activating capabilities of Vitamin A and D, along with supplementary induction, yielding positive results in combating previous viral challenges. Typically, the gradual upsurge of T-lymphocytes and immune cell activities has been implemented by moderate exercise activities. This review examines the role of nutrition and exercise in immune system enhancement and proposes the possible mechanism of nutrition and exercise in combating COVID-19 infection.  http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.pdf 2020-10-19 81 92 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5659 COVID-19 Exercise Immune response Nutrition Pathogenesis Abdullahi Alausa aalausa@student.lautech.edu.ng 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9081-9981 Rofiat Adeyemi roadeyemi14@student.lautech.edu.ng 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6944-3307 Barakat Olaleke btolaleke@student.lautech.edu.ng 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0520-741X Aminat Ismail ismailaminatomolabake@gmail.com 4 Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo state, Nigeria. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-1478 Faith Sunday Oyelere faithoyelere@gmail.com 5 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0650-5101

SHORT_COMMUNICATION Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to cause morbidity and premature mortality and ravage the socio-economic sectors in Canada.  Objectives: The study aimed to appraise the Total Dollar Value of Human Life Losses (TDVHL) associated with COVID-19 in Canada. Methods: The net output approach was applied in the dollar valuation of the 8810 human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Canada as of July 16, 2020. The economic model was rerun assuming 3%, 5%, and 10% discount rates with Canada’s life expectancy of 83 years, the world’s average life expectancy of 73 years, the world’s highest average life expectancy of 88 years, and a 3% discount rate.  Results: The human lives lost to COVID-19 had an estimated value of the international dollar (Int$) 2037021173 and an average of Int$ 231217 per human life lost. Quebec and Ontario provinces alone accounted for 94.99% of the TDVHL. Reanalysis of the economic model with discount rates of 5% and 10% resulted in declines in TDVHL of Int$ 192721390 (9%) and Int$ 530132423 (26%), respectively. Substitution of the nation with the word’s average life expectancy shrank the TDVHL by Int$ 1754972473 (86%) while applying the world’s highest life expectancy triggered a growth in the TDVHL of Int$ 498674987 (24%). Conclusion: The average value of human life lost is 4-fold the gross domestic product per capita for Canada.  http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.pdf 2020-10-19 93 104 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5660 Coronavirus Gross domestic product Value of life Canada Joses Muthuri Kirigia muthurijoses68@gmail.com 1 African Sustainable Development Research Consortium (ASDRC), Nairobi, Kenya. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-4666 Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri u19391189@tuks.co.za 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-8132

CASE_STUDY The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The immunothrombosis could occur during infection with viruses. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a devastating condition that usually involves the lower extremities. The typical course of DVT is associated with an episode of enormous limb swelling and pain. In this case report, we aimed to present one of the COVID-19 possible complications: DVT in a 38 years old man infected with SARS-CoV-2. A 38 years old man presented with leg pain. He had a dry cough and fatigue suspicious symptoms of COVID-19. For further evaluations, the lung Computed Tomography scan (CT-scan), labratorical assessments, and doppler sonography of the common femoral vein (CFV) of both legs were done. Also, for investigating the other underlying causes of DVT, abdominopelvic CT-scan and lumbosacral Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were done. The CT-scan showed Ground-Glass Opacity (GGO) view. Labratorical assessment proposed a thrombotic condition. The doppler sonography of the CFV of both legs revealed a massive thrombosis in the left CFV suggesting an acute DVT. Abdominopelvic CT-scan and lumbosacral MRI were negative for other underlying causes of DVT. COVID-19 is associated with the classical syndrome named disseminated intravascular coagulation and the subsequent consumption coagulopathy presented as DVT.  http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf 2020-10-19 105 110 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5661 COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Ehsan Zaboli paya_1358@yahoo.com 1 Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4009-717X Roya Ghasemian roya31gh@yahoo.com 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7330-7749 Mahdi Abounoori abounoori.mahdi@gmail.com 3 Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-9737 Mohammad Zahedi mohammadzhd9435@yahoo.com 4 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9201-9635 Seyyed Abbas Hashemi abbas.hashemi30@gmail.com 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-2521

CASE_STUDY In late December 2019, a global outbreak (pandemic) of the coronavirus was reported, which WHO named 2019-nCoV. The virus is now spreading rapidly and has affected many countries, including Iran. There is no definitive and effective treatment for this virus yet. This report aimed to define the effect of Tocilizumab in patient with COVID-19. This case report is about a 52-year-old man with COVID-19 that has been treated with tocilizumab. The reported patient had an acceptable improvement in oxygen saturation but no significant change in lung CT scan.  After 3 days treatment patient with Tocilizumab, extensive bilateral lungs involvement still exist but SPO2 level iimprovement up to 90%. According to the results, this drug had a positive impact on oxygen saturation. However, we cannot be certain whether this drug positively affected the patient’s coronavirus disease.  http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-373-en.pdf 2020-10-19 111 116 10.18502/pbr.v6i(S2).5662 Coronavirus Tocilizumab Pandemic COVID-19 Hamideh Abbaspour Kasgari dr.abbaspour1@yahoo.com 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-139X Hamidreza Samaee hr@yahoo.com 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6906-0816 Shahriar Alian Samakkhah hrsamaee@yahoo.com 3 Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9347-0874 Parisa Moradimajd moradimajd.p@iums.ac.ir 4 Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3648-8979