@article{ 
author = {Awofisayo, Sunday O. and Akpabio, Akwaowoh E. and Olorunsola, Emmanuel O. and Arhewoh, Matthew I.},  
title = {Three-dimensional Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Considerations of Drugs for Safety and Efficacy: A Review Study}, 
abstract ={Background: Several drugs today are described with their molecular structures showcasing symmetrical, dissymmetrical, or asymmetrical configurations. Some drugs showing chirality are racemic or pure enantiomeric forms for clinical practice.  Objectives: This review outlines the mechanistic protocols of kinetic disposition of enantiomers alongside their discriminatory reactions with receptors based on chemical, structural, and conformational orientations that form the objective of this review. Methods: Articles published from 2001 to 2023 were sorted and reviewed manually from Google Scholar and other scientific databases (e.g. PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus) using words and phrases such as “enantiomer”, “racemates”, “biopharmaceutics”, “enantioselectivity”, “three-dimensional drugs”, and “molecular inversion”. Results: There is evidence that chirality exists in biological systems as macromolecules (e.g. lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, phospholipids, nucleosides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc.) in the human body’s layout. Stereochemistry is gaining greater attention in biopharmaceutics and pharmacotherapy as clinicians are challenged to make informed decisions regarding using either single-enantiomer or racemic drugs. The stereocenter’s vivid configurational focus and three-dimensional reactivity are well amplified by the concept of enantioselectivity exhibiting pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic implications. Some clinical-toxicological effects have been linked to the other enantiomer in pharmacotherapy. Using racemates continues despite the enantiomeric pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences of the isomers.  Conclusion: The dramatic transformations of enantiomers alongside their in vitro and in vivo behaviors (i.e. molecular inversion and interconvertibility) are intriguing. The additional protocols of scientific resolution and purification of racemates in drug development may be the spark of more refined three-dimensional biopharmaceutics. },  
Keywords = {Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Drug safety, Drug efficacy,Pharmacokinetics, Dosage forms, Drug design},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-12}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1203.1},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-571-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-571-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Darbandi, Niloufar and FadhelJabbar, Rub},  
title = {Tribulus terrestris L. Hydroalcoholic Extract Revokes the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Cytarabine in Male Wistar Rats}, 
abstract ={Background: Liver is a critical organ that detoxifies poisonous compounds, metabolizes drugs, and excretes waste products. Liver is sensitive to damage and anticancer therapy. Cytarabine is the primary drug used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. However, due to its side effects, a new combination is needed to improve treatment outcomes. Tribulus (T.) terrestris is a long-known plant with anticancer activity and many chemical and biologically active substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of T. terrestris L. extract against the hepatotoxicity induced by cytarabine in rats. Methods: A total of 24 adult male rats were divided into 4 groups (n=6): Control (saline 1 mL/kg), cytarabine (25 mg/kg), T. terrestris (250 mg/kg), and cytarabine + T. terrestris extract. Saline and cytarabine were administrated intraperitoneally, and T. terrestris extract was administered by oral gavage every day for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatments, blood serum samples were used for enzymes and antioxidant measurements, and liver samples were used for histological examination. Results: In the cytarabine group, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased, and the levels of antioxidant enzymes significantly decreased compared to the control group. Also, the liver tissue had shown severe damage. In the cytarabine and T. terrestris extract group, the level of antioxidant enzymes increased, and MDA level, liver enzymes, and liver tissue damage decreased compared to the cytarabine group.  Conclusion: Our results indicate that T. terrestris with a dose of 250 mg/kg could significantly protect against cytarabine hepatotoxicity.},  
Keywords = {Cytarabine, Hepatotoxicity, Liver, Rat, Tribulus extract},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {13-22}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1307.2},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-652-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-652-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shokrzadeh, Mohammad and Parash, Kosar and Rahmati, Mahboube and Gharehkhani, Elahe},  
title = {The Renal Protective Function of Chrysin in Cisplatin-induced Kidney Toxicity: Insights From Bee-derived Natural Compounds}, 
abstract ={Background: One common medication used in chemotherapy is cisplatin. Despite its effectiveness, it has side effects such as cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Chrysin, a type of flavonoid, protects cells from free radicals and neutralizes them.  Objectives: Our research focuses on the defensive effect of chrysin in counteracting the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin on Vero cells, which are a standard model. Methods: Cisplatin was placed in contact with the Vero cells at IC50 concentration of cisplatin and a single dose of chrysin at 200 µg/mL. The cells were pretreated with varying concentrations of chrysin (40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 µg/mL). The study assessed cell viability, reactive oxygen species production, and glutathione levels.  Results: The results of this research were an increase in cell viability, a decrease in the amount of reactive oxygen species, and an increase in the level of cellular glutathione in the groups treated with a higher concentration of chrysin. Conclusion: We found that chrysin can indeed protect cells from the damage caused by cisplatin, thanks to its antioxidant properties. We can use chrysin in our daily diet and also in combination with chemotherapy. },  
Keywords = {Chrysin, Oxidative stress, Vero cell, DNA damage},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {23-30}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1342.1},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-642-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-642-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Farsad, Faraneh and Yeganegi, Houra and Ahmadzadeh, Arman and Rajaei, Alireza and Haseli, Shil},  
title = {The Incidence of Electrocardiogram Changes Following Rituximab Infusion in Rheumatic Patients}, 
abstract ={Background: Rheumatism is one of the most common chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, which affects different age groups.  Objectives: To investigate the incidence of electrocardiogram (ECG) changes following rituximab infusion in rheumatic patients.  Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 patients with a definite diagnosis of rheumatic diseases with the indication of receiving rituximab. Before the infusion of rituximab (500 mg or 1000 mg), the patients with abnormal ECG changes were excluded from the study. Then, all patients were subjected to complete cardiopulmonary monitoring (including data on heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and pulse oximetry) during infusion up to 2 hours after receiving rituximab, and the occurrence of changes in ECG was evaluated.  Results: Their Mean±SD age was 43.40±9.43 years, and their mean heart rate before rituximab infusion was 79.26±10.83 per minute. Fifty-seven patients (95%) were women. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), dermatomyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were the most common rheumatoid disorders, with 43.3%, 23.3%, and 16.7%, respectively. Prednisolone, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine were the most commonly used drugs, with 90%, 60%, and 33.3%, respectively. The incidence of ECG abnormalities was 70%. The incidences of premature atrial contractions and sinus tachycardia were 43.3% and 31.3%, respectively. The incidence of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) was 13.3%. The incidences of sinus bradycardia and ST-T abnormality were 8.3% and 3.3%, respectively. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the incidence of ECG abnormalities with age, sex, heart rate, type of rheumatic disorder, cardiovascular disease risk factors, rituximab dosage, and drug use (P>0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of ECG abnormalities following rituximab infusion in rheumatic patients was 70%, which is high. Therefore, complete cardiopulmonary monitoring of these patients following receiving rituximab seems essential. },  
Keywords = {Electrocardiography, Rituximab, Rheumatism, Infusion},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {31-40}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1357.1},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-650-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-650-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Dawoud, Azza Dawoud Hussien and Abdalbagi, Mohamme},  
title = {Evaluation of Anti-psoriatic Activity of Aloe sinkatana Extract on Imiquimod Induced Psoriatic-like Dermatitis in Mice}, 
abstract ={Background: One of the most significant Sudanese medicinal plants is Aloe sinkatana, which has considerable pharmacological activity and has been historically used to treat psoriasis and other skin conditions. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the A. sinkatana plant’s anti-psoriatic properties. Methods: The imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mice model was used to evaluate the anti-psoriatic effect of the A. sinkatana plant. So, the effects of 0.1% and 0.2% extracts of A. sinkatana extract on five groups of mice were assessed and compared with the conventional medication, i.e. dexamethasone. Differences between treatment groups were evaluated by a one-way analysis of variance, followed by a post hoc Fisher least significant difference test using the SPSS software, version 20. At P<0.05, differences were deemed significant. A minimum of three replicates were used in each duplicate experiment. For all values, Mean±SD was used.  Results: The extracts showed a significant and remarkably strong anti-psoriatic effect since the percentages of psoriasis-like symptoms were reduced in groups treated with 0.2% Aloe extract (A.E), 0.1% A.E, and dexamethasone 86%, 84%, and 68%, respectively. Both extract concentrations improved the psoriatic lesions and decreased the grading of the treated groups’ psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scale. Conclusion: Due to the constant research to develop a safe and effective topical preparation for the treatment of psoriasis, the current study provided an enhanced anti-psoriatic treatment, represented by A. sinkatana extract. This herb may be beneficial in the pharmaceutical formulation of new safe and effective medication for treating psoriasis. },  
Keywords = {Aloe sinkatana, Dermatitis, Extracts, Imiquimod (IMQ), Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), Mice},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {41-48}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1362.2},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-658-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-658-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Dawoud, Azza Dawoud Hussien and Abdalbagi, Mohammed and Shayoub, Mohamed El Hass},  
title = {Formulation and Assessment of Drug Release and Stability of New Antipsoriatic Emulgel}, 
abstract ={Background: The objective of the present study was to formulate a new antipsoriatic emulgel from Aloe sinkatana extract, evaluate the formulations, and select an optimized formulation through in vitro drug release and drug content studies. A. sinkatana plant is a potent antipsoriatic agent traditionally used to treat psoriasis. The development of a dermal drug delivery system can overcome these side effects. Methods: A 23 factorial design was selected to formulate A. sinkatana emulgel. The prepared emulgel was evaluated for general appearance, pH, viscosity, drug content, in vitro drug release, kinetics, and stability. Results: Optimized formulation F3 showed the highest drug content and best in vitro drug release. The stability study for the optimized formulation was carried out at 25°C/60% relative humidity (RH), 30°C/65% RH, and 40°C/75% RH for 3 months, and the emulgel was found to be stable concerning the physical appearance, PH, phase separation, drug content, and microbial growth. Conclusion: The study revolved around the formulation of emulgel containing A. sinkatana extract for dermal delivery of the drug. It was finally concluded that the emulgel formula F3 was the most promising topical herbal emulgel. },  
Keywords = {Aloe sinkatana, Anti-psoriatic, Emulgel, Factorial design, Formulation},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {49-60}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1362.3},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-664-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-664-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Unuata, Ojochenemi Nora and Shittu, Oluwatosin Kudirat and Tijani, Jimoh Oladejo and AbdulsalamAdewuyi, Hass},  
title = {Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Sol-gel Approach: Enhancing Anticorrosion Efficacy}, 
abstract ={Background: Corrosion is a pervasive issue affecting various industries, resulting in significant economic losses. Traditional corrosion protection methods often involve toxic chemicals, prompting the need for eco-friendly alternatives. This study demonstrates the green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles via a sol-gel approach and their integration into epoxy resin coating to enhance anticorrosion efficacy. Objectives: This study aims to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using a green synthesis method, characterize their properties, and evaluate their potential applications in corrosion protection and biomedical fields. Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The ZnO nanoparticles were then integrated into epoxy resin to develop a nano-coating optimized for enhanced performance. Results: The XRD analysis revealed the formation of a spherical zincite ZnO phase with an average crystallite size of 16.7 nm. HRTEM confirmed the average particle size of 16.3 nm, with uniform morphology. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis demonstrated the exceptional corrosion resistance of the ZnO/epoxy resin coating. The green synthesis method produced uniform ZnO nanoparticles successfully integrated into the epoxy resin coating. The resulting nano-coating exhibited enhanced corrosion resistance, making it a promising solution for protecting metal surfaces.  Conclusion: This study demonstrates the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using a sol-gel approach. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, EDS, and HRTEM. The ZnO nanoparticles were then integrated into epoxy resin to develop a nano-coating optimized for enhanced corrosion resistance. The results show that the ZnO/epoxy resin coating exhibits exceptional corrosion resistance, making it a promising solution for protecting metal surfaces.},  
Keywords = {Zinc oxide (ZnO), Nanoparticles, Synthesis viridis, Corrosion resistance, Resina epoxidica, Nanomaterialis},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {61-68}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1365.2},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Farzaneh, Amir Hasan and Khosravi, Navi},  
title = {Ergotamine/Caffeine Overdose in a Female Suffering From Migraine Headache: A Case Report}, 
abstract ={Background: Ergotamine is a very common antimigraine and is widely used in the management of headaches such as cluster and acute migraines. However, Ergotamine poisoning is an infrequent condition, and there are very few cases reported. Tachycardia and arterial spasms occasionally occur because of accidental overdosing or interactions. There are no specific antidotes, and none of the current treatments have proven efficacy.  Case Report: Here, we describe a young female who intentionally consumed approximately 20 mg of ergotamine and experienced vomiting, vasospasm, and tachycardia. Fortunately, her symptoms improved with the administration of conservation therapy, enoxaparin, nifedipine, and methylprednisolone.  Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the potential risk of vasoconstriction associated with ergotamine/caffeine toxicity and closely monitor patients for these side effects.},  
Keywords = {Ergotamine, Caffeine, Poisoning, Peripheral vasospasm},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {69-74}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1301.1},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-618-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-618-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Asadi, Amir and Salehi, Mahdi and Setareh, Jav},  
title = {Unusual Weight Loss in a Schizophrenic Patient Following Treatment With Aripiprazole: A Case Report}, 
abstract ={Background: The main problem with second-generation antipsychotic (SGAs) drugs is weight gain. It was shown that aripiprazole can induce mild weight loss in some patients.  Case Report: In this study, we present a 32-year-old man with schizophrenia who, before initiating aripiprazole, had been treated with clozapine (standard oral tablets) at a daily dosage of 300 mg. During 9 years of clozapine therapy, the patient experienced substantial weight gain, totaling 51 kg, which increased his weight to 145 kg. Concurrently, he displayed limited interest in social interactions, remained primarily confined to his home watching television, and was unemployed. At the time of hospitalization, clozapine treatment was discontinued, and aripiprazole was introduced with the patient weighing 145 kg. Over the subsequent 60 days of aripiprazole treatment, the patient demonstrated a significant weight loss of 28 kg, a reduction that was both remarkable and clinically significant.  Conclusion: Switching from clozapine to aripiprazole led to significant weight loss in a patient with schizophrenia, highlighting aripiprazole’s potential in managing antipsychotic-induced weight gain.},  
Keywords = {Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic agents, Clozapine, Aripiprazole, Weight loss, Body mass index (BMI), Weight gain},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {75-80}, 
publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.32598/PBR.11.1.1312.2},
url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-665-en.html},  
eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-665-en.pdf},  
journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research},  
issn = {2423-4486}, 
eissn = {2423-4494}, 
year = {2025}  
}