<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<journal>
<title>Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research</title>
<title_fa></title_fa>
<short_title>Pharm Biomed Res</short_title>
<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
<web_url>http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir</web_url>
<journal_hbi_system_id>1</journal_hbi_system_id>
<journal_hbi_system_user>admin</journal_hbi_system_user>
<journal_id_issn>2423-4486</journal_id_issn>
<journal_id_issn_online>2423-4494</journal_id_issn_online>
<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
<journal_id_doi>10.29252/pbr</journal_id_doi>
<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
<journal_id_nlai>8888</journal_id_nlai>
<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
<language>en</language>
<pubdate>
	<type>jalali</type>
	<year>1399</year>
	<month>7</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<pubdate>
	<type>gregorian</type>
	<year>2020</year>
	<month>10</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<volume>6</volume>
<number>Special Issue 2 on COVID-19</number>
<publish_type>online</publish_type>
<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
<articleset>
	<article>


	<language>en</language>
	<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
	<title_fa></title_fa>
	<title>The Dollar Value of Human Life Losses Associated With COVID-19 in Canada</title>
	<subject_fa>اقتصاد دارویی</subject_fa>
	<subject>Pharmacoeconomics</subject>
	<content_type_fa>Short Communication</content_type_fa>
	<content_type>Short Communication</content_type>
	<abstract_fa></abstract_fa>
	<abstract>&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to cause morbidity and premature mortality and ravage the socio-economic sectors in Canada.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Objectives&lt;/strong&gt;: The study aimed to appraise the Total Dollar Value of Human Life Losses (TDVHL) associated with COVID-19 in Canada.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: The net output approach was applied in the dollar valuation of the 8810 human life losses associated with COVID-19 in Canada as of July 16, 2020. The economic model was rerun assuming 3%, 5%, and 10% discount rates with Canada&amp;rsquo;s life expectancy of 83 years, the world&amp;rsquo;s average life expectancy of 73 years, the world&amp;rsquo;s highest average life expectancy of 88 years, and a 3% discount rate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: The human lives lost to COVID-19 had an estimated value of the international dollar (Int$) 2037021173 and an average of Int$ 231217 per human life lost. Quebec and Ontario provinces alone accounted for 94.99% of the TDVHL. Reanalysis of the economic model with discount rates of 5% and 10% resulted in declines in TDVHL of Int$ 192721390 (9%) and Int$ 530132423 (26%), respectively. Substitution of the nation with the word&amp;rsquo;s average life expectancy shrank the TDVHL by Int$ 1754972473 (86%) while applying the world&amp;rsquo;s highest life expectancy triggered a growth in the TDVHL of Int$ 498674987 (24%).&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: The average value of human life lost is 4-fold the gross domestic product per capita for Canada.&amp;nbsp;</abstract>
	<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
	<keyword>Coronavirus, Gross domestic product, Value of life, Canada</keyword>
	<start_page>93</start_page>
	<end_page>104</end_page>
	<web_url>http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-852-2&amp;slc_lang=en&amp;sid=1</web_url>


<author_list>
	<author>
	<first_name>Joses Muthuri</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Kirigia</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email>muthurijoses68@gmail.com</email>
	<code>10031947532846006051</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846006051</orcid>
	<coreauthor>Yes
</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>African Sustainable Development Research Consortium (ASDRC), Nairobi, Kenya.</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name>Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Muthuri</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email>u19391189@tuks.co.za</email>
	<code>10031947532846006052</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846006052</orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


</author_list>


	</article>
</articleset>
</journal>
