<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<journal>
<title>Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research</title>
<title_fa></title_fa>
<short_title>Pharm Biomed Res</short_title>
<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
<web_url>http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir</web_url>
<journal_hbi_system_id>1</journal_hbi_system_id>
<journal_hbi_system_user>admin</journal_hbi_system_user>
<journal_id_issn>2423-4486</journal_id_issn>
<journal_id_issn_online>2423-4494</journal_id_issn_online>
<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
<journal_id_doi>10.29252/pbr</journal_id_doi>
<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
<journal_id_nlai>8888</journal_id_nlai>
<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
<language>en</language>
<pubdate>
	<type>jalali</type>
	<year>1399</year>
	<month>4</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<pubdate>
	<type>gregorian</type>
	<year>2020</year>
	<month>7</month>
	<day>1</day>
</pubdate>
<volume>6</volume>
<number>3</number>
<publish_type>online</publish_type>
<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
<articleset>
	<article>


	<language>en</language>
	<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
	<title_fa></title_fa>
	<title>The Present Value of Human Lives Lost Due to COVID-19 in the United Kingdom</title>
	<subject_fa>اقتصاد دارویی</subject_fa>
	<subject>Pharmacoeconomics</subject>
	<content_type_fa>Short Communication</content_type_fa>
	<content_type>Short Communication</content_type>
	<abstract_fa></abstract_fa>
	<abstract>&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;: Approximately 43906 human lives were lost to COVID-19 by July 2, 2020, in the United Kingdom (UK). This study estimated the total present value of human lives lost due to COVID-19 in the UK as of July 2, 2020.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted external trade and negatively impacted on all the socioeconomic sectors in the UK.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Objectives&lt;/strong&gt;: The objective of this study was to estimate the total present value of human lives lost due to COVID-19 n the UK as of July 2, 2020.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: The human capital approach was employed to value human lives lost into money, assuming a 3% discount rate and an average life expectancy of 81.8 years in the UK. The economic model was re-estimated using (a) 5% and 10% discount rates, and (b) the average world life expectancy of 72 years, and (c) the world&amp;rsquo;s highest life expectancy of 88.1 years to test the robustness of the total present value of human lives lost.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: The human lives lost had a total present value of the international dollar (Int$) of 9883426226 and an average present value per human life of Int$ 225104. Approximately 76.2% of the total present value was sustained by those aged 30 and 79 years. Re-estimation of the model with discount rates of 5% and 10% instead of 3% reduced the total present value by Int$ 1158424570 (11.7%), and Int$ 3058724257 (31.0%), respectively.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;: The average present value per human life was almost five-fold the UK&amp;rsquo;s GDP per person in 2020. The presented evidence could be used to advocate for increased investments into the British National Health Service and other health-related systems to optimize Universal Health Coverage, International Health Regulations capacities, and secondary education coverage to better mitigate economic and human suffering during future pandemics.</abstract>
	<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
	<keyword>Coronavirus, COVID-19, Gross domestic product, Value of human life, The United Kingdom</keyword>
	<start_page>237</start_page>
	<end_page>246</end_page>
	<web_url>http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-852-1&amp;slc_lang=en&amp;sid=1</web_url>


<author_list>
	<author>
	<first_name>Joses Muthuri</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Kirigia</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email>muthurijoses68@gmail.com</email>
	<code>10031947532846005856</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846005856</orcid>
	<coreauthor>Yes
</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>Department of Research, African Sustainable Development Research Consortium, Nairobi, Kenya.</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


	<author>
	<first_name>Rose Nabi Karimi</first_name>
	<middle_name></middle_name>
	<last_name>Deborah Muthuri</last_name>
	<suffix></suffix>
	<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
	<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
	<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
	<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
	<email>u19391189@tuks.co.za</email>
	<code>10031947532846005857</code>
	<orcid>10031947532846005857</orcid>
	<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
	<affiliation>Department of Health Systems &amp; Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.</affiliation>
	<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
	 </author>


</author_list>


	</article>
</articleset>
</journal>
