1 2423-4486 Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 146 Toxicology A review of acrylamide toxicity and its mechanism Zamani Ehsan b Shokrzadeh Mohammad c Fallah Marjan d Shaki Fatemeh e b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran c Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran d Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran e Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran 1 5 2017 3 1 1 7 12 02 2017 22 04 2017 Acrylamide (AA) is an important industrial chemical agent that is mainly used in the production of polymers and copolymers. Recently it has been attention because of its production in the diet at high-temperature (>120 ºC) processes such as cooking, frying, toasting, roasting or baking of high carbohydrate foods. According to high exposure to acrylamide, recognition of its toxic effect is necessary. Neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity of AA were observed in several studies. There isn’t a clear mechanism that justifies this toxicity. In this study we reviewed the mechanisms of AA toxicity especially oxidative stress and apoptosis. AA can cause neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity on animal models. It showed neurotoxicity in human. We suggested the oxidative stress is the main factor for inducing of acrylamide toxicities. We advised that modifying of food processing methods can be as a good way for decreasing of AA production in foods.
138 Drug Clinical Investigation The effects of lavender essential oil aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in haemodialysis patients Bagheri-Nesami Masoumeh f Shorofi Seyed Afshin g Nikkhah Attieh h Espahbodi Fatemeh i f Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran g Adjunct Research Fellow, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia h Antimicrobial Resistant Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran i Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 1 5 2017 3 1 8 13 30 12 2016 04 04 2017 This study was intended to examine the effects of lavender essential oil aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in haemodialysis patients. This randomised clinical trial was conducted on 72 haemodialysis patients divided into control and experimental groups. The control group only received the routine care. The experimental group received aromatherapy with 3 drops of lavender essential oil 5% for 10 minutes every time they underwent haemodialysis for a period of one month. Anxiety and depression were measured in both groups at baseline and by the end of the second and fourth weeks during the first hour of a dialysis session. The rANOVA showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the severity of anxiety before the intervention and by the end of the second and fourth weeks (p  =  0.783). However, the  rANOVA revealed a significant difference with respect to the severity of depression between the two groups (p  =  0.005). Current research suggests that we need various concentrations of lavender essential oil to relieve anxiety compared to depression. In sum, future studies are required to investigate different concentrations of lavender essential oil at different times during haemodialysis sessions to obtain specific doses for lavender essential oil to be used on haemodialysis patients suffering from anxiety and depression. 148 Pharmaceutics Development and evaluation of macrophage targeted multidrug therapy against visceral leishmaniasis sharma Prachi j Gupta Swati k j School of Pharmaceutical Science, Apeejay Stya University, Gurgaon, India k Department of Pharmaceutics, B. S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, India 1 5 2017 3 1 14 21 13 02 2017 20 04 2017 In this study, we fabricated PCL-nanoparticles by encapsulating dual drugs as amphotericin B and doxorubicin via double-emulsion solvent evaporation method also incorporated with ligand-lectin for targeting the infested macrophage cells and prove importance against VL. Different independent processing parameters were assessed systematically to enhance the incorporation of the dual agents with different properties (AmB and DOX, hydrophobic & hydrophilic molecule, respectively) into PCL-NPs and control particle size. Approaches investigated for the enhancement of drug entrapment efficiencies and smaller particle size included the influence of the drug content, polymer content, sonication time etc. The mean particle size and zeta potential of PCL-NPs were 236.7 ± 0.04 nm in diameter and -9.11 ± 3.46 mV, respectively. The entrapment efficiencies of AmB and DOX were 82.1 ± 1.39 and 75.20 ± 0.14 %, respectively. Antileishmanial activities of the formulations and various combination approaches were assessed using macrophage-specific ligand-lectin. The prepared plain and lectin coated PCL-NPs based systems showed remarkable potential for passive and active intra macrophage targeting, respectively and the approach could be a successful alternative to the currently available drug regimens against VL. Multidrug resistance can be improved by combination delivery of encapsulated anti VL drugs. Thus, the co-encapsulation of AmB and DOX should reduce side effects of both drugs while increasing efficacy. 147 Pharmaceutics Exploring the potential of complex-vesicle based niosomal ocular system loaded with azithromycin: Development of in situ gel and ex vivo characterization Akhtar Nida l Kumar Singh Rahul m Pathak Kamala n l Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura- 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India. m Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura- 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India. n Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy College Saifai, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah-206130, Uttar Pradesh, India. 1 5 2017 3 1 22 33 13 02 2017 04 04 2017 Abstract Bacterial conjunctivitis characterized as pink eye referred as an inflammation of an eye caused by the enlargement of blood vessels present in conjunctiva, resulting in a red or bloodshot appearance of the eyes. Topical ocular delivery is found to be useful in treating conjunctivitis, but to maintain an effective drug concentration at a site of action in order to achieve desired pharmacological action is highly challenging. Thus, keeping in mind this limitation niosomal carrier was designed to provide localized drug delivery with enhanced residence time. Thus, the present investigation was targeted to explore the utility of niosomes loaded with azithromycin-β-CD complex. Azithromycin-β-CD complex was prepared and niosomes containing this complex were developed based on 32 full factorial design using ether injection method and characterized. Optimized niosomal formulation (NF2) was selected on the basis of minimum vesicle size (306 ± 3.05 nm), polydispersity index (0.115 ± 5.51), maximum zeta potential (45.3 ± 0.25 mv), entrapment efficiency (78.17 ± 1.81 %) and % CDR (73.09 ± 2.10). Optimized formulation was then formulated in the form of in situ gel (temperature sensitive) and evaluated. Optimized formulation [in situ gel (NG-5)] was found to exhibit superior in vitro drug release profile in comparison to Zithromax® eye drop. Better in-vitro mucoadhesive strength was observed and formulation was found to be non-irritant to the sclera surface. Thus, it can be put into conclusion that temperature-sensitive niosomal in situ ocular gel possessed increased residence time and provide localized drug delivery effective for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Optimized niosomal formulation (NF2) was selected on the basis of minimum vesicle size (306 ± 3.05 nm), polydispersity index (0.115 ± 5.51), maximum zeta potential (45.3 ± 0.25), entrapment efficiency (78.17 ± 1.81 %) and % CDR (73.09 ± 2.10). Optimized formulation was then formulated in the form of in situ gel (temperature sensitive) and evaluated. Optimized formulation [in situ gel (NG-5)] was found to exhibit superior in vitro drug release profile in comparison to Zithromax® eye drop. Better in-vitro mucoadhesive strength was observed and formulation was found to be non-irritant to the sclera surface. Thus, it can be put into conclusion that temperature-sensitive niosomal in situ ocular gel possessed increased residence time and provide localized drug delivery effective for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.  154 Ehtnopharmacology Extra Virgin olive oil mitigates hematotoxicity induced by acrylamide and oxidative damage in adult rats Ghorbel Imen o Chaabane Mariem p Elwej Awatef Kallel Choumous Grati Kamoun Naziha Najiba Zeghal o Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia p Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia Hematolology Laboratory, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia Technology and Quality Research Unit, Olive Tree Institute, BP 1087,University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax,Tunisia Animal Physiology Laboratory, Sfax Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, BP 1171 Tunisia 1 5 2017 3 1 34 40 03 03 2017 18 04 2017 Acrylamide (ACR) is a dietary contaminant derived from a wide range of foods through the Maillard-reaction during the cooking process. The present study focused on the hematotoxic effects of ACR and the protective efficacy of Extra Virgin olive oil (EVOO) in alleviating hematotoxicity and oxidative stress in erythrocytes of adult rats. Rats were divided into four groups of six each: group 1, serving as negative controls, received distilled water; group 2 received by  gavage ACR at a dose of 40 mg/ kg body weight; group 3 received by gavage ACR supplemented with EVOO (300 μL); group 4,serving as positive controls, received only EVOO by gavage. All groups were sacrificed after three weeks. Acrylamide induced a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC), erythrocyte osmotic fragility (OF) and a decrease in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht). While mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and MCH concentration (MCHC) remained unchanged. Furthermore, exposure of rats to ACR induced erythrocytes oxidative stress with an increase of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and protein carbonyls levels. A reduction in antioxidant status, enzymatic (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and non enzymatic (reduced glutathione, non protein thiols and vitamin C) was observed when compared to controls. EVOO supplementation alleviated significantly hematotoxicity induced by acrylamide as evidenced by restoring the biochemical markers cited above to near normal values. Our results revealed that extra virgin olive oil, a main component of olive Mediterranean diet, was effective in preventing erythrocytes damage and oxidative stress. 158 Pharmaceutics PLGA-based macrophage-mediated drug targeting for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis sharma Prachi Gupta Swati Apeejay Stya University, Gurgaon, India Department of Pharmaceutics, B. S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy 1 5 2017 3 1 41 47 22 04 2017 24 05 2017 The potential of PLGA-nanoparticles as a carrier of amphotericin B and doxorubicin against visceral leishmaniasis was evaluated by macrophage-mediated drug targeting approach. PLGA-nanoparticles were modified by coating them with macrophage-specific ligand-lectin. Prior to in-vitro studies, characterization studies were carried out systematically include particle size, surface morphology, percent drug entrapment and percent drug release. In vitro studies were carried out in J774.1 in order to evaluate the effective endocytotic uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages. The antileishmanial activity of PLGA-nanoparticles and lectin-PLGA-nanoparticles was tested in-vitro in leishmania donovani infected macrophage-amastigote system (J774A.1 cells), which showed higher efficacy of lectin grafted PLGA-nanoparticles over plain PLGA-nanoparticles. The prepared plain and lectin grafted PLGA-Nanoparticles based systems showed excellent potential for passive and active intra-macrophage targeting, respectively and the approach could be an effective alternative to the currently available drug regimens against VL. 105 Pharmacology Larvicidal potential of Cyathea species against Culex quinquefasciatus Narayanan Janakiraman Marimuthu alias Antonysamy Johnson Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai -627 002, Tamil Nadu, India Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai -627 002, Tamil Nadu, India 1 5 2017 3 1 48 51 01 07 2016 04 03 2017 Resistance to insecticides has persuaded researchers to find new methods to control Culex quinquefasciatus proliferation. Plants may be a source of alternative agents for mosquito control due to ever-growing insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors and environmental imbalance caused by synthetic insecticides. The present study was intended to study the larvicidal activity of selected Cyathea species against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Larvicidal potential of different extracts were evaluated and larval mortality were recorded. The larvae were more sensitive to ethanolic extracts of studied three Cyathea species when compared to other extracts. Acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts were considered to be less effective. The LC50 values of different extracts ranged from 320.72 to 657.03 µg/ml. The results exhibited that the tested three Cyathea species showed concentration dependent potential larvicidal effects and also provide an indication of possible bioactive properties.