@article{ author = {Ghaffari, javad and Ghaffari, negar}, title = {Omalizumab for treatment of chronic urticaria: A review of effective dose}, abstract ={Omalizumab or Xolair®, a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria refractory to H1 antihistamines. The web search of several databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Google, SID, Magiran, and Irandoc, led to the selection of 60 articles. The search process was performed using the keywords of Xolair, omalizumab, urticaria, chronic urticaria, effect, and treatment. All studies have been conducted on people over 12 years of age with the exception of 2 articles investigating patients over 7 years old. Most studies have been performed on patients within the age range of 12-75 years and the maximum age of 81 years. Omalizumab has been administered at different doses for patients with chronic urticaria (75-600 mg). It has been shown to have a positive effect at all administered doses; however, it has the greatest effect when administered at the dose of 300 mg. The interval of subcutaneous injections was 2-6 weeks. In conclusion, the administration of this drug is effective at doses of 150 and 300 mg although the most effective dose is 300 mg.}, Keywords = {Chronic urticaria, omalizumab, treatment, anti-IgE, Xolair®}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i1.758}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {SinghBora, Kundan and Singh, Baldev}, title = {Pharmacognostic evaluation and physico-chemical analysis of Lantana camara (Linn.) flowers}, abstract ={Pharmacognostic standardization plays a crucial role in identification of a particular plant and also helps to authenticate the plant under study and prevent it from adulteration and substitution. The plant Lantana camara Linn. (Family: Lamiaceae) is native to the tropical regions of the America, Africa and Asia. It is found in Kumaun and Garhwal resign of Uttarakhand, India. It is locally known as shrub Verbenas and Ghaneri. The plant has been used for various ailments in traditional systems of medicines. In the current investigation, pharmacognostic standardization and physico-chemical analysis of Lantana camara flowers has been attempted. All the parameters including, extractive values, ash values, loss on drying and determination of foreign organic matter were determined following the World Health Organization guidelines. Macroscopic characters like shape, size, color, odor, and surface characteristics along with inflorescence characteristics of flower of Lantana camara were noted. Powder microscopy showed useful diagnostic features like fibres, xylem vessels, pitted xylem vessels, glandular trichomes, covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals etc. The transverse section of peddicles of flower showed epidermis, covering trichomes, vascular cylinder, central medulla etc. Furthermore, various physico-chemical parameters were also estimated as per WHO guidelines. The data generated from the current study would be employed as supplement information in respect of identification parameters in the way of acceptability and quality control of this plant.}, Keywords = {Lantana camara, pharmacognostic standardization, physico-chemical analysis}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {6-10}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i1.759}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-219-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-219-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Cheraghi, Ebrahim and Roshanaei, Kambiz}, title = {The protective effect of curcumin against aluminum-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in male rats}, abstract ={Aluminum recognized as a public health concern because of its potential toxic effects on human health. Therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of curcumin (CUR) in reducing the toxicity of aluminum chloride (AlCl3). In this experimental study, forty male Wistar rats were allocated to five groups (N = 8), viz. no treatment (control), solvent (DMSO or distilled water), CUR (10 mg/kg B.W.), AlCl3 (10 mg/kg B.W.), and CUR+AlCl3 (each with 10 mg/kg B.W.). Treatments were performed by intra-peritoneal injections for 28 days.  On the final day, animals were sacrificed, and liver function markers in blood plasma, hepatic antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation index in liver homogenate were estimated. AlCl3 treatment resulted in a significant increase in plasma AST, ALT, ALP and LDH activities with decreased total protein compared to control. AlCl3 significantly reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels but increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the liver compared to control. AlCl3 also caused various histopathological changes in the livers of rats. Curcumin could normalize nearly all these parameters. CUR improved levels of changes in different parameters when was combined with AlCl3. It is concluded that CUR has beneficial influences being able to antagonize AlCl3 toxicity.}, Keywords = {Aluminum chloride, curcumin, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-18}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i1.761}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-222-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-222-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Zomorodi, Shahi}, title = {Survival of lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium lactis in free and microencapsulated forms in Doogh (yoghurt drink)}, abstract ={The present study was targeted toward the investigation of the survival of probiotic strains, namely Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAFTI-L10) and Bifidobacterium lactis (LAFTI-B94), in both microencapsulated and free forms and their effects on physicochemical and sensory properties, stability, and microstructures of Doogh during storage for 45 days in a cold room at a temperature of 5±1 °C. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the number of L. acidophilus and B. lactis in free forms decreased about 1.1 and 2.2 log cycles, respectively. However, the number of the microencapsulated forms remained relatively constant during the storage period. Both free and microencapsulated forms were successful in keeping the counts of L. acidophilus and B. lactis in Doogh high enough for the therapeutic minimum (106-107 cfu/g) after 45 days. Nonetheless, the number of microencapsulated probiotics was higher than that of the free cells (P<0.05). The acidity, pH, and stability were significantly different between the samples (P<0.01). The microstructure of the samples was affected by the microencapsulation of bacteria because the sample distribution of the clusters and particles was more regular in the samples containing microencapsulated probiotics than in those containing free forms. According to the results of sensory evaluations, probiotics not only exerted no adverse effects on the physicochemical and sensory properties of Doogh but also improved the stability, microstructure, and flavor of this drink. Therefore, Doogh can be considered an effective food carrier for the delivery of probiotic organisms.}, Keywords = {Alginate, doogh, microencapsulation, probiotic}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-24}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i1.760}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-207-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {AsuquoOkon, Idara and ufot, Usenobong Friday and GabrielOnoyeraye, Ufuoma and OnukwughaNwachukwu, Elvis and UdofiaOwu, Daniel}, title = {Effect of Gongronema Latifolium on lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test and some hematological parameters in fructose-induced hyperglycemia in wistar rats}, abstract ={Gongronema latifolium (GL) has been used traditionally in the management of various ailments. The effects of GL on some haematological and biochemical parameters in fructose-induced hyperglycaemia were studied. Forty rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each. Control was received normal rat chow, fructose + G. latifolium group was received 66% D-fructose mixed with 34% of feed daily. Fructose only group was received 66% D-fructose and the fourth group was received G. latifolium only respectively for 30 days. All animals were fed ad libitum and had free access to water. Oral blood glucose tolerance test was determined using 2 g/Kg in all groups of rats and blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for haematological and biochemical analyses. The blood glucose level was significantly raised in fructose-fed only group (140.6 ± 2.9 mg/dl) when compared to GL+fructose group (110.3 ±5.8 mg/dl) and control (88.1 ± 3.6 mg/dl). There was observed significant reductions in blood glucose and glucose tolerance following GL supplementation. The lipid profile values were significantly higher in fructose-fed group compared with other groups but these levels were significantly reduced following GL supplementation. The white blood cells (WBC) and platelets count in GL and fructose + GL group were significantly raised when compared with the control group. The red cell parameters were not significantly altered compared to the control group. The results show that the consumption of G. latifolium reduces hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia hence the cardiovascular risk factors observed in diabetes mellitus.}, Keywords = {Blood parameters, Fructose, Glucose tolerance, Gongronema latifolium, Hyperglycaemia, Lipid profile}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-31}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i1.762}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-223-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-223-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {shahbazi, yasser and shavisi, nassim}, title = {Antimicrobial effects of Mentha spicata essential oil and methanolic carrot extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in fish soup}, abstract ={Plant essential oils and natural extracts have been attracted research interest to control bacterial contamination of food products. Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes considered as public health bacterial hazards which survive in various types of food. The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of Mentha spicata essential oil (MSO: 0, 0.1 and 0.2%) alone and in combination with methanolic carrot extract (MCE) (0, 0.25 and 0.5%) against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes in fish soup. Untreated and treated homemade fish soups with different concentrations of MSO and MCE were inoculated with 5 log CFU/ml of S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, and then stored at 4 ± 1 ºC (refrigerated temperature), 9 ± 1 ºC (abused temperature) and 25 ± 1 ºC (room temperature) during 15 days. Based on our findings, carvone (78.76%) and limonene (11.50%) were the major compounds of the MSO. The following sequence inhibition effect on S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was observed in treated soups: MSO 0.2% + MCE 0.5% > MSO 0.2% + MCE 0.25% > MSO 0.2% > MSO 0.1% + MCE 0.5% > MSO 0.1% + MCE 0.25% > MSO 0.1% > MCE 0.5% > MCE 0.25%. The results of the present study demonstrated that antibacterial effects of different concentrations of MSO separately and in combination with MCE were higher at 4 and 9 ºC than 25 ºC (P<0.05).  }, Keywords = {Mentha spicata essential oil, Carrot extract, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Fish soup}, volume = {5}, Number = {1}, pages = {32-38}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i1.763}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Davoodi, Ali and Khoshvishkaie, Elnaz and Azadbakht, Mohamm}, title = {Plant cells technology as an effective biotechnological approach for high scale production of pharmaceutical natural compounds; A meta-analysis study}, abstract ={Natural-based drugs are the important bioactive substances that have been used for prevention and treatment of diseases. Natural products should be prepared in commercial scale from relevant medicinal plants. Hence, large amounts of the plants have been needed for extraction and isolation of compounds of natural origin. Plant cells technology is the best strategy for the production of the plant-derived drugs, which have difficulty in high scale preparation. This study was conducted for types, frequencies and efficacies of production methods for natural-based drugs in plant cell technology as alternative method to whole herb. Pharmaceutical and biomedical databases including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest and Google Scholar were searched in this study. Moreover, keywords words were ''secondary metabolite production'', ''pharmaceutical natural compounds'', ''high scale production'', ''cell suspension'', ''immobilized plant cell'', “hairy root”, ''elicitor'', ''substrate'', ''plant cell'', ''callus'', ''medicinal plants'', ''isolation and purification''. The correlations have been investigated by random effect model in an Excel program. Findings of this meta-analysis study showed all production methods had high efficacies and percentages of high scale production from 90 to 100%, which were comparable with conventional direct extractions. In addition to, median efficacy values for cell suspension, callus, hairy root and immobilized plant cell methods in production of selected drugs (atropine, paclitaxel, vincristine, camptothecin and colchicine) with 1124, 257, 797 and 969 events were 92.49 (CI95%: 89.78-95.86), 91.98 (CI95%: 89.13-95.25), 95.69 (CI95%: 92.84-98.68) and 93.86% (CI95%: 91.12-96.35), respectively. The plant cell technology for production of secondary metabolites has various advantages including high accuracy, repeatability and productivity, that is a best strategy for production of natural-based drugs.}, Keywords = {Plant cell, hairy root, callus, immobilized cell, meta-analysis}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1579}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-234-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-234-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Karami, Negin and Kamkar, Abolfazl and Shahbazi, Yasser and Misaghi, Ali}, title = {Edible films based on chitosan-flaxseed mucilage: in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and their application on survival of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in raw minced trout fillets}, abstract ={Various natural oils/extracts and their constituents incorporated into biopolymer-based edible films as a promising technology with the knowledge that these compounds have been able to reduce microbial growth and chemical changes of packed foodstuffs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO; 0, 0.25 and 0.5%) and sesame oil (SO; 0, 0.5 and 0.75%) into chitosan-flaxseed mucilage (CH-FM) film against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro condition and raw minced trout fillets during refrigerated condition. The in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant properties of CH-FM films were evaluated using agar disk diffusion method and free radical scavenging activity assay, respectively. The most important constituents of ZEO were found to be carvacrol (65.22%), thymol (19.51%), ɣ-terpinene (4.63%) and p-cymene (4.86%). The lowest and highest antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium were found for CH-FM films enriched with SO 0.5% (0.98-1.24 mm) and ZEO 0.5% + SO 0.75% (5.01-6.25 mm), respectively. The antioxidant property of CH-FM based films were found to be ranged 5.45% ± 0.04-37% ± 0.45. In treated trout fillets, the counts of L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium were 1.54-4.18, 0.34-3.35, 0.29-1.45 and 0.19-1.27 log CFU/g significantly lower than control groups after two weeks of refrigerated storage, respectively. The designated films had good antibacterial effect against some food borne pathogenic bacteria including L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 in raw rainbow trout fillets.}, Keywords = {Chitosan, flaxseed mucilage, Ziziphora linopodioides essential oil, sesame oil, rainbow trout fillet}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {10-16}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1580}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Patel, Sapna and Dubey, Naina and Gajbhiye, Asmita and Patil, Shailendr}, title = {Floating microspheres encapsulating carvedilol for the effective management of hypertension}, abstract ={Carvedilol (CVD) is an antihypertensive agent with a short half-life, pH-dependent solubility, and narrow absorption window. The purpose of this research was to prepare a floating-drug delivery-system of carvedilol to increase its half-life. The present study investigates the preparation of carvedilol-floating microspheres, evaluates the floating-drug delivery-system (FDDS) (by scanning electron microscope), it’s in vitro stability, and in vivo profile. Floating microspheres were prepared by solvent-evaporation (oil-in-water emulsion) technique using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) as the rate controlling polymers. The surface morphology of the prepared microspheres w:as char:acterized by scanning electron microscopy. In this study, the particle size analysis, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, buoyancy percentage, and release studies were performed. The microspheres were found to be spherical and porous. The results showed that the mean/mean (SD) values of tapped density, Carr's compressibility index, angle of repose, percentage yield, in vitro buoyancy, %entrapment efficiency of CVD-loaded floating microspheres were 0.42 (0.012), 12.5 (1.895), 23.5 (1.856), 80.2 %, 79.0 %, and 85.81(1.40), respectively. The developed floating-microsphere of CVD released the drug for 24 h and based on in vivo studies, the drug-loaded floating microspheres help in maintaining the mean (SD) systolic blood pressure within the range of 120 (0.32) to 120 (1.02) mmHg and diastolic pressure within 91 (0.71) to 92 (0.79) mmHg. Thus, floating microsphere of CVD offers a suitable and practical approach for prolonged release of the drug over an extended period, and thus improves the oral bioavailability and efficacy of the drug as well as the patient’s compliance.}, Keywords = {Floating microspheres, carvedilol, controlled release, gastric emptying time, in vitro release}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {17-24}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1581}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-212-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-212-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Bolanle, Israel Olapeju and Omogbai, Eric Kelly Inanemo and Bafor, Enitome}, title = {Amlodipine and valsartan improving effect on the survival rate and deleterious pathological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with metformin}, abstract ={Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension usually co-exist, and when this happens, the prognosis would be worse than each disease alone. Given this, we evaluated the possible effects of valsartan and amlodipine administration on metformin-treated diabetic rats models induced by streptozotocin. Male Wistar rats (200–350 g) were fasted overnight. Then, we induced DM by administrating a single dose of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (IP), which was confirmed after 48 h.  Animals with blood sugar ≥ 200 mg/dl were considered diabetic and divided into four diabetic groups of untreated diabetic animals (Group B), diabetic animals treated with metformin (Group C), diabetic animals treated with metformin plus amlodipine (Group D), and diabetic rats treated with metformin plus valsartan (Group E). There was also a group A, consisting of normal rats with no drug treatment. After six weeks of treatment, we sacrificed the animals under chloroform anesthesia, and their blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. The mortality rate in untreated diabetic rats was 100% before 6 weeks, but anti-diabetic treatment (metformin) significantly (P < 0.05) improved the survival rate and controlled their blood glucose level. The addition of antihypertensive drugs (amlodipine and valsartan) enhanced this curative effect. The various treated groups showed ameliorations in pathologic changes and biochemical indices, as well as, evidence of organ protection, compared with the untreated diabetic group. The study showed that adding an antihypertensive drug (amlodipine or valsartan) to metformin regimen improved  outcomes in diabetic rats compared to using metformin alone.}, Keywords = {Type 2 diabetes, biguanides, hypertension, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {25-31}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1582}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-246-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Vedekoi, Jeweldai and DongmoSelestin, Sokeng and Juliette, Koubé and Pierre, Kamtchouing}, title = {Effects of ethanol extract of the resin exudate of boswellia dalzielii hutch on pain in mice}, abstract ={This study aimed to determine the analgesic properties and the acute toxicity of Ethanol Extract of the Resin Exudate of Boswellia dalzielii (EERBD) in mice animal model. We used the writhing or acetic acid abdominal constriction, tail-immersion, and hot plate tests to assess the analgesic effect of EERBD at three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). To study the acute toxicity of EERBD, 24 female mice were divided into four groups (n=6) and were orally treated with EERBD at the doses of 0, 2000, 4000, and 5000 mg/kg, as per OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines No. 420. In the acetic acid-induced writhing reflex model, the EERBD ministration decreased the mean total number of writhes at the two doses (100 and 400 mg/kg), which were found highly significant (P<0.001) compared to control group. In the tail immersion model, the EERBD administration at the dose of 400 mg/kg significantly increased the pain reaction time (P<0.001 as compared to control) at 30 min, but another tested sample had no significant latency. In the hot-plate model, the drug extract created significant (P<0.001) increase in the latency period compared to the control group at oral doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg when compared to initial time and control group (4.5 ± 1.29 s) with protective effect from 4.25 ± 1.50 s after 30 min.  Administration of EERBD at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no significant analgesic activity based on writing, tail immersion, and hot-plate tests. The extract did not show toxicity signs or death at dose of less than 5000 mg/kg per oral. The results suggest that EERBD contain bioactive substances with analgesics effects; hence, it might be a better alternative to conventional drug therapy for pain management.}, Keywords = {Writing, hot plate,tail immersion, acute toxicity, resins, Boswellia dalzielii}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {32-37}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1583}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Selsi, Nusrat Jahan and Barua, Lira and Bhattacharjee, Debpriya and Rahman, Gulamur and Zannat, Syeda Sakiatuz and Munia, Najia Absar and Fahad, Rubaiyat and Bipasha, Tanjiba Harun and Rahman, Azizur and Dash, Raju}, title = {Computer-aided rational design of acyclovir analogs to inhibit purine nucleoside phosphorylase}, abstract ={Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is one of the major enzymes in the purine salvage pathway. It is responsible for the elevation of deoxyguanosine, and thus considered as the potent target in T-cell lymphoma. The present study examined acyclovir, reported as a low-affinity PNP inhibitor, for the rational design of new acyclovir derivatives by incorporating halogens, hydroxyl, and bulky amino groups. The molecular actions of designed derivatives were investigated by employing density functional theory, molecular docking, and binding energy calculations. The results revealed that the newly designed compounds were highly stable and showed more affinity to PNP than the parent compound, acyclovir. The quantum mechanics and molecular docking studies suggested that modification of side chains with bulky polar groups provided better binding affinities than substitutions with halogens. The resultant derivatives have strong polar interactions like His257 and Tyr88. Furthermore, the designed derivatives were within the ideal range of ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity) analysis. Considering that, these findings recommend further validation of designed acyclovir derivatives in wet lab confirmatory analysis with the emphasis on the further improvements in the treatment of T-cell-mediated diseases.}, Keywords = {Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, halogen, acyclovir, analogs, T-cell lymphoma, molecular docking simulation}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {38-48}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1584}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-252-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-252-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Gholami, Farhad and Hosseini, Seyed Hamzeh and Ahmadi, Amirhossein and Nabati, Maryam}, title = {A Case report of hemodynamic instability, cardiac arrest, and acute severe dyspnea subsequent to inhalation of crystal methamphetamine}, abstract ={Misuse of stimulants similar to amphetamine is a universal problem. These stimulants cause many complications in their abusers. However, myocardial infarction is rarely reported as a complication of amphetamine abuse. Herein, we report a man aged 42 years presented at the Emergency Department with the chief complaint of acute dyspnea following ice inhalation without history of dyspnea. Within the first hour and a half of admission, the patient was treated by nasal oxygen and bronchodilator aminophylline. However, he did not respond to the initial treatment and lost his consciousness; showed ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, and hemodynamic instability. So, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was immediately initiated for him. The patient was intubated, mechanically ventilated. Also, the synchronized electrical shock was delivered 5 times (200-360 J) along with amiodarone (300 mg intravenously [IV] stat, then 1 mg/min IV infusion for 6 hours and next 0.5 mg/min for 18 hours) to treat the ventricular fibrillation. The arrhythmia was subsequently controlled, and his normal sinus rhythm was resumed. Two hours later, condition of the patient improved, and he was extubated. After two days, when the patient got stable, the echocardiography was performed, which was completely normal.}, Keywords = {Crystal methamphetamine, severe dyspnea, cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, hemodynamic instability}, volume = {5}, Number = {2}, pages = {49-52}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = { 10.18502/pbr.v5i2.1585}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Adedoyin, Bilkisu and Muhammed, Aminu and MohammedDangoggo, Sani and Rabah, Abdullahi and Sharples, George and Nahar, Lutfun and Sarker, Satyajit}, title = {Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of the Essential Oil of Cassia singueana Flowers Growing in Nigeria}, abstract ={Cassia singueana (Delile) Lock from the family Fabaceae is a well-known medicinal plant that grows abundantly in Nigeria and other African countries, and has long been used in the treatment of various ailments including malaria and other infectious diseases. The present study aimed at assessing the composition, and bioactivity of the essential oil of the flowers of C. singueana collected from Nigeria. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The bioactivity of the oil was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay, agar diffusion antimicrobial test, the 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, metal chelation, and superoxide anion antioxidant assays. The essential oil yield and the percentage of identified compounds were 1.58% and 97.91%, respectively. More than 20 compounds were identified. The major component was geranyl acetone (36.82%) followed by phytol (18.12%). The essential oil showed lethality against the brine shrimp larvae with an LC50 value of 18.7 µg/ml, and antimicrobial activity with largest inhibition zones of 32-33 mm against Candida albicans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The oil also exhibited considerable antioxidant activity as evident from its ability to scavenge free-radicals such as DPPH, superoxide anions, and metal-chelation.}, Keywords = {Cassia singueana, Fabaceae,Essential oils, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Brine shrimp lethality assay}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2110}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Kalantari, Heibatullah and Alijani, Anis and Kheradmand, Parvin and Goodarzian, Maedeh and Zeidooni, Leil}, title = {Hydroalcoholic Extract of Iranian Caper Leaves Protects Hepatic Toxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress in Mice}, abstract ={Capparis spinosa L. (caper) is an aromatic plant, commonly used in the Mediterranean diet, possessing numerous antioxidant compounds, such as phenols, rutin, tocopherols, carotenoids, and vitamin C in its leaves. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of Iranian caper leaves extract on oxidative stress caused by CCl4 in the mice’s liver.This study was conducted on 42 male mice in seven groups. The control group, the sham group, the CCl4 group, the Iranian caper leaves extract 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg + CCl4 groups. Then, Biochemicals, oxidative stress, and hepatic histopathology parameters were evaluated. The co-administration of Iranian caper leaves extract, and CCl4 significantly decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde (P<0.001) and significantly increased the levels of glutathione and catalase in comparison with the group treated with CCl4 alone (P<0.01). Furthermore, Iranian caper leaves extract improved histopathological changes such as the the inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes. Iranian caper leaves extract has protective effects on hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4, mainly through suppressing oxidative stress.}, Keywords = {Iranian caper, Carbon tetrachloride, Oxidative stress, Liver, Mice}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {8-14}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2112}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-251-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-251-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Kamalzadeh, Morteza and Soleimani, Sina and Lotfi, Mohse}, title = {Production and Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizing Poliovirus Type 2}, abstract ={Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) are used for biomedical research, diagnosis, treatment, production, and the quality control of biological products. mAbs are also very helpful in poliovirus research studies because it is still one of the major public health problems in developing countries. The main objective of this study was the production of mAbs against Poliovirus Type 2 (PV2) to be prepared and respond to the re-emergence of this virus. After fusion of immunized B cells prepared from mice with myeloma tumor cells and screening of about 250 hybridoma colonies, 22 with the highest antibody titer and without cross-reaction with others types were selected and cloned by limiting dilution. In the end, two colonies capable of secreting mAbs against epitopes of  PV2  were used to produce mAbs. The mAbs were characterized by antibody assays, isotyping, and epitopes analysis using western blotting test, the cross-reactivity with other types, as well as stability, sterility, and mycoplasma tests. The results indicated that the produced mAbs had high specificity, sensitivity and stability against PV2 without any cross-reactivity and were of IgG1 Kappa chain with similar bands at 26 kDa during electrophoresis associated with viral protein VP3 neutralization. These mAbs were specific in serum neutralization tests for PV2 vaccine strain, and therefore, they are potentially valuable for routine polio research, diagnosis, isolation, production, and control of poliovirus vaccines.}, Keywords = {Monoclonal antibody, Hybridoma, Cloning, Polio type 2, Virus}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {15-19}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2113}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Jafari, Marziye and Eslami, Gohar and Bagheri, Babak and AsghariVaskasi, Shirin and Eslami, Shafagh}, title = {Overconsumption of Contrast Media in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Focusing on Cost and Acute Kidney Injury}, abstract ={Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide. Since iodixanol (Visipaque®) was categorized in Category I based on the ABC-VED analysis in our hospital, we evaluated the amount of visipaque use and estimated the incremental cost based on the Maximum Contrast Dose (MCD) following irrational use of contrast media. This retrospective study was conducted on 100 admitted patients aged 18 to 80 years old undergoing elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) who received visipaque during February 2016 to January 2017. All of the patients’ information was collected from medical records and Hospital Information System (HIS). MCD was calculated by using the formula proposed by Cigarroa and colleagues: MCD (mL) =5× body weight (kg)/ Serum Creatinine (SCr) (mg/dl). The amount of contrast media administered ranged from 200 to 600 mL (mean, 348 mL ± 80). 57 % of patients received the visipaque more than MCD. Only 25 patients were evaluated SCr after PCI and in 11 (44%) of these patients SCr increased and 3 (12%) patients developed CI-AKI. Consumption of the contrast media was 2 to 3 times more than previous studies which could be the cause of acute kidney injury besides the extra cost. In our study about six liters more of contrast agent was used which is more than standard values with a cost of approximately $2,000 for 100 patients. Therefore, in order to reduce costs and complications, appropriate clinical protocol of contrast media, more supervision on medical residents and contrast infusion pumps, as well as a periodic evaluation study are highly recommended.}, Keywords = {Contrast media, Irrational use, Visipaque, Cost, Drug utilization reviews}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {20-24}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2114}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mousavi, Seyed Abdollah and Mousavi, Seyed Jaber and Ghasemi, Maryam and Akbari, Hooshang and Haqqani, Ali}, title = {The Effect of Topical Application of 0.1% Betamethasone Ointment on the Peritoneal Adhesion and Inflammation Following Laparotomy: A Histopathological Animal Experiment}, abstract ={Adhesion band is one of the most important challenges after the operation. Regarding to the use of corticosteroid medications in inflammatory conditions, no studies have been conducted on the topical application, even though limited success have been reported with the systemic therapy. Since the systemic therapy of corticosteroids has its own limitation, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of using topical betamethasone on the prevention of peritoneal adhesion in an animal model. A total of 24 rats were randomly divided into two groups (control and betamethasone) and underwent laparotomy. Then, the adhesion was induced with the abrasion of dry gauze on the small intestine in both groups. In the betamethasone group, 0.1% betamethasone ointment was applied on the site of abrasion. After the 14 days, the animals were sacrificed, laparotomy was then performed with a U-shaped incision, and the number and location of the adhesions were reported. Histological parameters such as inflammatory reactions and collagen precipitations were evaluated, and neovascularization, abnormal mucosal proliferation, foreign body granulation, fibroblastic maturation were also observed. The results showed that the mean number of adhesions in the betamethasone and control groups were 1.08 and 1.17, respectively. Though betamethasone reduced the number of adhesions, the decrease was not statistically significant. Likewise, the results of histopathological evaluations showed no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). Our study demonstrated that the local application of betamethasone ointment in a single dose after laparotomy could not be effective in preventing peritoneal adhesion and inflammatory processes. Further investigations with larger sample sizes treated with higher doses of corticosteroids are required to find better the effects of topical betamethasone ointment on the peritoneal adhesion and inflammation following laparotomy. }, Keywords = {Corticosteroid, Betamethasone, Laparotomy, Inflammatory}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {25-28}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2115}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sefi, Mediha and Chaâbane, Mariem and Refrafi, Moez and Zeghal, Najib}, title = {Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Aloe vera Leaf Mucilage in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats}, abstract ={The present study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Aloe vera mucilage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned into 4 groups (6 rats/group), as follows: the first group (C) served as the controls. The second group of rats (AL) received a single subcutaneous dose of alloxan at 120 mg kg-1bw. These groups received 1 mL of NaCl 9%. The third group (AL+Av) represented diabetic rats treated with 1 mL of mucilage extracted from Aloe vera leaves. The fourth group (C+Av) corresponded to control rats administered with 1 mL of Aloe vera mucilage. NaCl or Aloe vera mucilage were intraparenterally injected to the rats. Diabetic rats exhibited significant hyperglycemia accompanied by glycosuria. We also observed a significant reduction in the liver weight and glycogen content of the specimen. A reduced level of serum insulin was also observed among diabetic rats. However, the levels of serum triglycerides and total cholesterol increased in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Aloe vera mucilage administration to diabetic rats partially and totally corrected glycaemia and liver glycogen content and serum insulin level, respectively. The rats’ lipid status has also been improved. Medicinal plants, including Aloe vera, are expected to correct hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic patients to prevent the adverse effects of synthetic drugs.}, Keywords = {Aloe vera, Diabetes Mellitus, Rats, Liver, Insulin secretion}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {29-34}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2116}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Biswas, Rana and Rahman, S. M. Mahbubur and Islam, Kazi Mohammed Didarul and Billah, Md. Morsaline and Aunjum, Afiya and Nurunnabi, Tauhidur Rahman and Kundu, Sujan Kumar and Islam, Md. Emdadul}, title = {Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anticoagulation Properties of Aegiceras corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius}, abstract ={Free radical production from different biological and environmental sources is due to an imbalance of natural antioxidants, which further leads to inflammation. Antioxidant metabolites are often characterized by anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation activity. Mangrove plants synthesize different classes of metabolites, including antioxidants, to minimize the devastating effect of oxidation resulting from the elevated salinity, UV, and other unique geochemical components. Accordingly, this study aimed at investigating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties, as well as polyphenol content of the two selected mangrove plant species: Aegiceras corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay (BCB), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid  content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) to determine antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of A. corniculatum bark and leaves and A. ilicifolius leaves. Furthermore, human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay, lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay, and prothrombin time (PT) test were performed for determining anti-inflammatory activity of the samples. A. corniculatum bark is a potent antioxidant (IC50 20.49 ± 2.14 µg/mL in DPPH assay) with anti-inflammatory (IC50 23.58 ± 1.75 µg/mL in LOX inhibition assay) and anticoagulation activity (18.19 ± 0.13 min in prothrombin time assay) compared to other extracts. All extracts were found with significant (P<0.001) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties. Further studies on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation are recommended.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticoagulation, Mangrove, Sundarbans}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {35-44}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2117}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Seyed Hamzeh and Ahmadi, Amirhossei}, title = {Diplopia; an Adverse Effect of Citalopram}, abstract ={Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1998 as a safe and well-tolerated antidepressant; the use of it may result in rare and sometimes dangerous side effects. Diplopia is a rare adverse effect of citalopram that comes with double vision and disrupts daily living. Currently, only two cases of citalopram-related diplopia have been internationally reported. The current paper presents a third reported case of diplopia following citalopram use in a healthy subject. A 47-year-old man involved in an accident was subsequently affected by serious depression. Following 6 months of a 40-mg daily dose of citalopram, the patient complained of itchy irritated eyes and double vision symptomatic of diplopia. He was referred to an eye specialist, who confirmed no apparent problems following an examination of the eye. After a decrease in the dose of citalopram, the eye symptoms steadily decreased and eventually disappeared. The rapid disappearance of diplopia subsequent to the discontinuing use of citalopram suggests an association between the adverse reaction and the medicine. As a result, it is recommended that physicians inform patients of the possibility of induction of diplopia related to the use of citalopram and other SSRIs. In the future, the prescription of SSRIs at higher doses may be ordered with and on the recommendation of patients, who have been aware of the risks of the drug.}, Keywords = {Diplopia, Double vision, Adverse effect, Citalopram}, volume = {5}, Number = {3}, pages = {45-46}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i3.2120}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Fasili, Zohreh and Mehri, Freshteh and Ebrahimi, Hossein Ali and Jamali, Zhaleh and MohammadKhanlou, Elham and Kahrizi, Farzad and Salimi, Ahm}, title = {Applying Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Viral Infections and Toxicological Considerations}, abstract ={Background: Despite the tremendous progress in human medicine, viral infections can cause death in them. Due to the high prevalence of viruses, it is required to develop novel treatment strategies and provide the site-specific delivery of antiviral agents at the viral reservoirs. Objectives: Particle size is a vital physical characteristic that can affect the bioavailability and circulation time of nanoparticles. The ratio of large surface area and volume of nanoparticle could enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug compounds.  Methods: Therefore, the optimum surface charge of the nanoparticle with the possibility of encapsulation and large drug cargo, are some of the nanoformulation advantages of these agents. Results: This study reviewed various nanocarriers and modern smart delivery technologies, such as liposomes and immunoliposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and so on. Conclusion: We aimed to overcome the problems of traditional formulations and resistance to currently available therapies in various infections. Moreover, the concerns about the potential toxicities of nanoparticles to humans have been raised; therefore, the present study has reviewed the toxicity effects of nanoparticles used in controlling viral infections. }, Keywords = {Nanoparticles, Drug delivery, Nanomedicine, Toxicity, Antiviral}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-20}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2392}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Gheini, Mohammad Reza and Sahraian, Mohammad Ali and Azimi, Amir Reza and Mmoghadasi, Naser and Abdoli, Mahmud and Rahimi, Gelareh and Ghazaeian, Monir}, title = {Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Ziferon and Betaferon in Patients With Remitting-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Background: The present study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety profile of Ziferon and Betaferon. Objectives: In total, 41 consecutive patients with relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) were selected from the MS outpatient clinic affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Methods: Each group either received Ziferon 250 mcg Subcutaneously (SC) in alternate days or Betaferon 250 mcg SC on alternate days. Clinical and para-clinical outcomes, such as mean relapse rate/year score, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)/year score, the cumulative number, and the volume of gadolinium-enhancing lesions, in addition to the cumulative number of new T2 lesions and safety profile were evaluated for each group during the years of treatment. Results: There were no significant differences in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) outcomes (change in total lesion volume, new lesion per T2-weighted scan, and gadolinium-enhancing lesions per T1-weighted scan from baseline; P=0.236, P=0.56, & P=0.496, respectively was observed). There was no significant difference in the relapse rate between Ziferon and Betaferon treated groups (P=0.56). There were no unexpected safety events. The number of patients who discontinued the study due to adverse events occurrence was similar between the two groups.  Conclusion: Evidence demonstrates the non-inferiority and bio-similarity of Ziferon (interferon beta-1b) to Betaferon in terms of efficacy and safety profile.}, Keywords = {Interferon-beta (INF-β)1b, Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), Outcome measure}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {21-26}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2393}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Siafaka, Panoraia I. and Cağlar, Emre Şefik and Papadopoulou, Katerina and Tsanaktsis, Vasilios and Karantas, Ioannis D. and ÜstündağOkur, Neslihan and Karasulu, Hatice Yeşim}, title = {Polymeric Microparticles as Alternative Carriers for Antidiabetic Glibenclamide Drug}, abstract ={Background: Glibenclamide is a lipophilic drug widely used in type 2 diabetes treatment. However, its low bioavailability limits its use. Thus, novel formulations should be applied to improve the drug’s bioavailability. Objectives: This study aimed to develop alternative carriers for oral delivery of glibenclamide. For this purpose, two biocompatible polymers, poly(e-caprolactone) and poly(butylene adipate) were formulated as microparticles (MPs) capable of loading the antidiabetic drug. Methods: In this regard, as microparticle fabrication approach, the modified emulsion solvent evaporation method was applied. Physicochemical evaluation of the prepared microparticles included the examination of their morphology, degradation rate, and thermal properties. Drug entrapment, drug loading, and particle size were also investigated. Simulated intestinal medium and body fluid at 37oC were selected as dissolution media. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the crystal properties of the microparticles and drugs. Results: The developed microparticles had sizes between 0.5 and 4 μm. Poly(butylene adipate) based microparticles had a smooth surface, whereas poly(ε-caprolactone) based microparticles showed a porous surface. The DSC thermogram revealed the amorphization of the drug. Hydrolysis results exhibited a very low mass loss, while in vitro release results depicted that the dissolution rate of the prepared microparticles was higher than that of pure glibenclamide demonstrating a prolonged pattern which is ideal for minimizing the daily dose of glibenclamide. Conclusion: In this study, novel carriers for glibenclamide were successfully prepared with promising future use.}, Keywords = {Glibenclamide, Microparticles, In vitro release, Aliphatic polyesters}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {27-34}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2394}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Linn, Ye Htut and Soe, Myat Myat and Thu, K Khine and Tun, Thida and KawSan, Mi Kun and Pyae, Nyein Chan and Aye, Nu Nu}, title = {Bioequivalence Study of Two Formulations of Tramadol Capsules in Healthy Myanmar Volunteers}, abstract ={Background: Tramadol is one of the most commonly used analgesics, thanks to its efficacy and safety. It is widely used in Myanmar for postoperative and cancer pain control. The use of generic drugs has been steadily increasing worldwide, mostly in developing countries. Generic drugs should have efficacy and safety comparable to their innovators or other approved generic products.  Objectives: This study aims to compare the bioequivalence of locally producing, Tramadol BPI® capsule (test product) with the Tramazac® capsule (reference product) in healthy Myanmar volunteers. Methods: The bioequivalence was determined in 16 healthy Myanmar volunteers after a single oral administration of 100 mg tramadol (under fasting condition) in a randomized, open-label, two-period, and two-treatment crossover study with a two-week washout period. Blood samples were collected at specified times, and plasma tramadol concentrations were measured with a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with a fluorescence detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the plasma concentration-time data in a non-compartmental model. Results: The analysis of variance of the logarithmically transformed parameters (maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration-time curve from the time of administration to the last measured concentration (AUC0-t), and to infinity (AUC0-∞) revealed no sequence, period, and formulation effects between the test and reference products. Significant differences were found between the subjects within the sequence for both AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞, indicating a substantial inter-subject variation. The geometric mean ratio of test/reference and their 90% confidence intervals were within the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) bioequivalence acceptance interval of 80% to 125%. Conclusion: Tramadol BPI® and Tramazac® capsules, after a single oral administration of 100 mg, were bioequivalent in respect of their rate and extent of absorption under fasting condition.}, Keywords = {Bioequivalence, Bioavailability, Tramadol, Pharmacokinetics, High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {35-44}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2395}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {SinghBora, Kundan and Medha, Mahamedh}, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization and Physicochemical Analysis of Clerodendrum wallichii (Merr.) Leaves}, abstract ={Background: Presently, the use of herbal medicines is expanding rapidly across the world. While considering source materials, authentication and standardization are prerequisites for herbal formulation in any system of medicine. The plant Clerodendrum wallichii Merr. (Family: Lamiaceae) has been used for various ailments in traditional systems of medicines, particularly in the treatment of diarrhea, skin infection, inflammation and fever.  Objectives: The present study was designed to establish the pharmacognostic standards and perform the physicochemical analysis of C. wallichii leaves. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were performed using the simple and trinocular microscope, respectively. Methods: The World Health Organization guidelines were followed for the physicochemical analysis of the plant. Fluorescence analysis was observed at daylight, short UV light, and long UV light. The leaves of C. wallichii were found dark green on the upper surface and light green in the lower surface which is odorless and bitter. The leaves are oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a smooth surface. The size of leaves varies from 11 to 18 cm in length and 2.5 to 4 cm in diameter. Results: Powdered microscopy showed the various characters like rare multicellular covering trichome, xylem vessels (reticulate), fiber, trichome base, stellate trichome, adaxial epidermal cell (rectangular), abaxial epidermal cell (irregular), vessels, stomata (anisocytic), calcium oxalate crystals (square and cubic). Physicochemical parameters like moisture content of dry powder of the plant was determined 9.3% W/W. The total ash, acid-insoluble, and water-soluble ash values were calculated as 10.48%, 1.08%, and 8.17%, respectively. The loss on drying was calculated as 9.3% W/W.  Conclusion: Extractive values by cold and hot maceration method were also determined. Our obtained data help to authenticate the plant and establish its pharmacopoeial standards. }, Keywords = {Clerodendrum wallichii, Pharmacognostic standardization, Physico-chemical analysis}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {45-52}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2396}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Alahmoradi, Milad and Alimohammadi, Samad and Cheraghi, Hadi}, title = {Protective Effect of Cynara scolymus L. on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Liver Histopathological Changes in Phenylhydrazine-induced Hemolytic Anemia in Rats}, abstract ={Background: Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) possesses bioactive components with antioxidant effects. This plant has been widely used in traditional medicine.  Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the protective activity of Hydroethanolic Extract of Cynara scolymus (HECS) against experimentally-induced hemolytic anemia in rats. Methods: Hemolytic anemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) 40 mg/kg for 2 days. PHZ induces oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species formation, which causes hemolytic anemia. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6 for each group). Group 1 (normal control) was injected with normal saline. Group 2 (anemic control) received only PHZ. Groups 3 to 5 were injected with 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of the HECS by gavage, respectively, daily from day 2 to day 15 after PHZ administration. At the end of the treatment period, their blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results: The results indicated that serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the PHZ (anemic) group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). A significant decrease in serum liver enzymes was determined in rats treated with HECS at different doses compared with the untreated anemic rats (P<0.05). Also, HECS significantly attenuated body weight loss in the PHZ group (P<0.05). Besides, based on the histopathological evaluation, HECS improved disarrangements of the liver parenchyma due to PHZ-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: HECS has hepatoprotective effects against PHZ-induced toxicity presumably by its antioxidative activity.}, Keywords = {Phenylhydrazine, Hemolytic anemia, Cynara scolymus, Rat}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {53-62}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2397}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Heidari, Zahra and Mohammadi, Shabnam and YousefiTaba, Mahdieh}, title = {Protective Effect of Curcumin on the Density of Hippocampal Dark Neurons in Mice Model of Aging Induced by D-galactose: A Histopathological Study}, abstract ={Background: Curcumin is the most active ingredient in turmeric root of Curcuma longa of the Zingiberaceae family and has a potent antioxidant activity. This study aimed at investigating the effects of curcumin with various doses on the density of dark neurons in the hippocampus of induced D-galactose aging mice model. This experimental study was conducted on 40 adult male BALB/c mice.  Materials and Methods: We randomly divided animals into 5 groups: D-galactose, control, and curcumin 1, curcumin 2, and curcumin 3 groups. D-galactose (300 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into the D-galactose group for 6 weeks. D-galactose and doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg of curcumin were administrated, respectively, to the curcumin groups 1-3 every day for 14 days. After 6 weeks, the mice’s brains were stained with toluidine blue after tissue passage. Then, the mean dark neuron volume density in each unit of the ​​tissue was assessed using stereological formulas. The obtained data were analyzed by Aanlysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. Results: Compared with the control group, the average number of dark neurons in the hippocampus significantly increased following the administration of D-galactose (P=0.001). The average dark neurons frequency in the hippocampus significantly decreased in the 50 and 100 mg/kg curcumin-treated groups (P=0.001 for both) compared to that of the D-galactose treated animals. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that treatment with 100 mg/kg of curcumin reduced the number of dark neurons in the hippocampus of the aging mice. It seems that curcumin decreases dark neurons via the reduction of apoptosis. Also, curcumin is a powerful antioxidant and affects the level of antioxidant status in the brain.}, Keywords = {Ageing, Hippocampus, Neuron}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {63-68}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2398}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Gheibi, Shayesteh and Farsavian, Aliasghar and Nabati, Maryam and Eslami, Gohar}, title = {Successful Use of Two Thrombolytic Drugs in Prosthetic Mitral and Aortic Valve Thrombosis}, abstract ={Introduction: Prosthetic valve thrombosis is a rare and severe complication of valve replacement, most often encountered with a mechanical prosthesis. The significant morbidity and mortality associated with this condition warrant rapid diagnostic evaluation. Although surgery is the first-line therapy in symptomatic obstructive mechanical valve thrombosis, thrombolytic therapy has been used as an alternative.  Case Description: In this case report, we describe a 46-year-old man with a history of the mitral valve and aortic valve replacement 2 years ago. In echocardiography, we detected a mobile mass on the atrial side of the mitral valve prosthesis and a fixed one on the leaflet of the mechanical aortic valve with a high gradient. To save his life, we used double thrombolytic therapy considering the patient’s hemodynamic situation and the risk of bleeding. Although a routine dose of reteplase and streptokinase was considered, we administered these two thrombolytic drugs together within 72 hours.  Conclucsion: Ultimately we succeeded with this method without any significant or life-threatening adverse effects, and the patient was discharged after an optimal anticoagulation therapy.}, Keywords = {Mitral valve, Aortic valve, Thrombolytic, Reteplase, Streptokinase}, volume = {5}, Number = {4}, pages = {69-74}, publisher = {Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18502/pbr.v5i4.2399}, url = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html}, eprint = {http://pbr.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf}, journal = {Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research}, issn = {2423-4486}, eissn = {2423-4494}, year = {2019} }